The COVID-19 pandemic heightened burdens on caregivers, but also the visibility of caregiving inequalities. These grievances may activate a feminist identity which in turn leads to greater civic and political participation. During a pandemic, online forms of participation are particularly attractive as they require less effort than offline forms of participation and pose less health risks compared to collective forms of offline activism. Using survey data from four countries (Canada, France, the United States, and the United Kingdom) collected in 2019 (prior to the pandemic), 2021 (during the pandemic), and 2023 (post-pandemic), we examine the relationship between self-identifying as a feminist and signing online petitions ( n = 18,362). Our multivariate analyses show that having a feminist identity is positively related to signing online petitions. We consider the differential effects of this identity on participation for men, women, non-binary people; caregivers versus non-caregivers; and respondents in different countries with varying levels of restrictions due to the pandemic. A feminist identity is more important for mobilizing caregivers than non-caregivers, whether or not the caregiver is a man or a woman. While grievance theory suggests differential effects by country and time period, we find a consistent role of feminist identity in predicting the signing of online petitions across time and across countries. These findings offer insights into how different groups in varying contexts are mobilized to participate.

中文翻译：

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2019 年至 2023 年四个国家的女权主义身份和在线行动主义


COVID-19 大流行增加了护理人员的负担，但也增加了护理不平等的可见性。这些不满可能会激活女权主义身份，进而导致更多的公民和政治参与。在大流行期间，在线参与形式特别有吸引力，因为与线下参与的集体形式相比，它们需要的努力更少，并且与集体形式的线下行动主义相比，构成的健康风险更小。使用在 2019 年（大流行前）、2021 年（大流行期间）和 2023 年（大流行后）收集的四个国家（加拿大、法国、美国和英国）的调查数据，我们研究了自我认同为女权主义者与签署在线请愿书之间的关系 （n = 18,362）。我们的多变量分析表明，拥有女权主义身份与签署在线请愿书呈正相关。我们考虑了这种身份对男性、女性、非二元性别者参与的不同影响;照顾者与非照顾者;以及不同国家的受访者，由于大流行而受到不同程度的限制。对于动员照顾者来说，女权主义身份比非照顾者更重要，无论照顾者是男性还是女性。虽然申诉理论表明不同国家和时期的影响不同，但我们发现女权主义身份在预测不同时间和不同国家的在线请愿书签署方面的作用是一致的。这些发现为不同背景下的不同群体如何被动员参与提供了见解。