Increasing interest in the deployment of optical oxygen sensors, or optodes, on oceanographic moorings reflects the value of dissolved oxygen (DO) measurements in studies of physical and biogeochemical processes. Optodes are well-suited for moored applications but require careful, multi-step calibrations in the field to ensure data accuracy. Without a standardized set of protocols, this can be an obstacle for science teams lacking expertise in optode data processing and calibration. Here, we provide a set of recommendations for the deployment and in situ calibration of data from moored optodes, developed from our experience working with a set of 60 optodes deployed as part of the Gases in the Overturning and Horizontal circulation of the Subpolar North Atlantic Program (GOHSNAP). In particular, we detail the correction of drift in moored optodes, which occurs in two forms: (i) an irreversible, time-dependent drift that occurs during both optode storage and deployment and (ii) a reversible and pressure-and-time-dependent drift that is detectable in some optodes deployed at depths greater than 1,000 m. The latter is virtually unidentified in the literature yet appears to cause a low-bias in measured DO on the order of 1 to 3 µmol kg−1 per 1,000 m of depth, appearing as an exponential decay over the first days to months of deployment. Comparisons of our calibrated DO time series against serendipitous mid-deployment conductivity-temperature-depth (CTD)-DO profiles, as well as biogeochemical (BGC)-ARGO float profiles, suggest the protocols described here yield an accuracy in optode-DO of ∼1%, or approximately 2.5 to 3 µmol kg−1. We intend this paper to serve as both documentation of the current best practices in the deployment of moored optodes as well as a guide for science teams seeking to collect high-quality moored oxygen data, regardless of expertise.

中文翻译：

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海洋系泊设备上的氧光灯：部署和原位校准的建议


人们对在海洋学系泊设备上部署光学氧传感器 （optodes） 的兴趣日益浓厚，这反映了溶解氧 （DO） 测量在物理和生物地球化学过程研究中的价值。Optodes 非常适合系泊应用，但需要在现场进行仔细的多步骤校准，以确保数据准确性。如果没有一套标准化的协议，对于缺乏光电数据处理和校准专业知识的科学团队来说，这可能是一个障碍。在这里，我们提供了一套关于系泊光灯数据的部署和原位校准的建议，这些建议是根据我们与一组 60 个光灯合作的经验开发的，这些光灯是作为亚极地北大西洋翻转和水平循环计划 （GOHSNAP） 翻转和水平循环气体的一部分部署的。特别是，我们详细介绍了系泊光灯中漂移的校正，它以两种形式发生：（i） 在光灯存储和部署过程中发生的不可逆的、与时间相关的漂移，以及 （ii） 在部署在大于 1,000 m 的深度的一些光灯中可以检测到的可逆且与压力和时间相关的漂移。后者在文献中几乎未被确定，但似乎会导致测量的溶氧偏差约为每 1,000 米深度 1 至 3 μmol kg-1，在部署的最初几天到几个月内呈指数衰减。将我们校准的 DO 时间序列与偶然的中期部署电导率-温度-深度 （CTD）-DO 曲线以及生物地球化学 （BGC）-ARGO 浮子曲线进行比较，表明此处描述的方案在 optode-DO 中产生 ∼1% 的准确度，或约为 2.5 至 3 μmol kg-1。 我们打算将本文作为当前部署系泊光源最佳实践的文档，以及寻求收集高质量系泊氧气数据的科学团队的指南，无论其专业知识如何。