Lactic acid bacteria derived extracellular vesicles (LAB-EVs) are nano-sized and carry a variety of biological cargoes. LAB-EVs have proven to be potential mediators of intercellular communication, serving not only the parental bacteria but also the host cell in both physiology and pathology. LAB-EVs are therapeutically beneficial in various diseases through a cell-free strategy. Particularly, EVs secreted from probiotics can exert health-promoting effects on humans. Additionally, the excitement around LAB-EVs has extended to their use as nano-sized drug carriers, since they can traverse biological barriers. Nevertheless, significant challenges in terms of isolation, characterization, and safety must be addressed to ensure the clinical application of LAB-EVs. Therefore, this review emphasizes the isolation and purification methods of LAB-EVs. We also introduce the biogenesis, cargo sorting, and functions of LAB-EVs. The biological regulatory factors of LAB-EVs are summarized and discussed. Special attention is given to the interaction between LAB-EVs and the host, their ability to maintain intestinal homeostasis, and the immunity and inflammation they induce in diverse diseases. Furthermore, we summarize the characterization of LAB-EV cargoes by advanced analytical methods such as proteomics. Finally, we discuss the challenges and opportunities of LAB-EVs as a means of diagnosis and treatment in clinical translation. In conclusion, this review scrutinizes current knowledge and provides guidelines for proposing new perspectives for future research in the field of LAB-EVs.

中文翻译：

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乳酸菌衍生的细胞外囊泡：调节宿主健康的新兴生物活性纳米颗粒。


乳酸菌来源的细胞外囊泡 （LAB-EV） 是纳米级的，携带多种生物货物。LAB-EVs 已被证明是细胞间通讯的潜在介质，在生理学和病理学中不仅服务于亲本细菌，还为宿主细胞服务。LAB-EV 通过无细胞策略对各种疾病具有治疗益处。特别是，益生菌分泌的 EV 可以对人类产生促进健康的作用。此外，围绕 LAB-EV 的兴奋已经扩展到它们作为纳米级药物载体的使用，因为它们可以穿越生物屏障。然而，必须解决分离、表征和安全性方面的重大挑战，以确保 LAB-EV 的临床应用。因此，本文重点介绍 LAB-EVs 的分离和纯化方法。我们还介绍了 LAB-EV 的生物合成、货物分拣和功能。总结并讨论了 LAB-EVs 的生物调控因素。特别关注 LAB-EVs 与宿主之间的相互作用、它们维持肠道稳态的能力以及它们在不同疾病中诱导的免疫和炎症。此外，我们总结了蛋白质组学等先进分析方法对 LAB-EV 货物的表征。最后，我们讨论了 LAB-EVs 作为临床转化中诊断和治疗手段的挑战和机遇。总之，本综述仔细审查了当前的知识，并为 LAB-EVs 领域的未来研究提出新前景提供了指导。