Bacteria were once thought to be simple organisms, lacking the membrane‐bound organelles found in eukaryotic cells. However, recent advancements in microscopy have changed this view, revealing a diverse array of organelles within bacterial cells. These organelles, surrounded by lipid bilayers, protein‐lipid monolayers, or proteinaceous shells, play crucial roles in facilitating biochemical reactions and protecting cells from harmful byproducts. Unlike eukaryotic organelles, which are universally present, bacterial organelles are species‐specific and induced only under certain conditions. This review focuses on the bacterial organelles that contain iron, an essential micronutrient for all life forms but potentially toxic when present in excess. To date, three types of iron‐related bacterial organelles have been identified: two membrane‐bound organelles, magnetosomes and ferrosomes, and one protein‐enclosed organelle, the encapsulated ferritin‐like proteins. This article provides an updated overview of the genetics, biogenesis, and physiological functions of these organelles. Furthermore, we discuss how bacteria utilize these specialized structures to adapt, grow, and survive under various environmental conditions.

中文翻译：

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铁生理学中的细菌细胞器


细菌曾经被认为是简单的生物，缺乏真核细胞中的膜结合细胞器。然而，显微镜的最新进展改变了这种观点，揭示了细菌细胞内的各种细胞器。这些细胞器被脂质双层、蛋白质-脂质单层或蛋白质壳包围，在促进生化反应和保护细胞免受有害副产物的侵害方面起着至关重要的作用。与普遍存在的真核细胞器不同，细菌细胞器是物种特异性的，并且仅在特定条件下诱导。本综述重点介绍含有铁的细菌细胞器，铁是所有生命形式所必需的微量营养素，但过量时可能具有毒性。迄今为止，已经鉴定出三种类型的铁相关细菌细胞器：两种膜结合细胞器，磁小体和铁小体，以及一种蛋白质封闭的细胞器，即封装的铁蛋白样蛋白。本文提供了这些细胞器的遗传学、生物发生和生理功能的最新概述。此外，我们讨论了细菌如何利用这些特殊结构在各种环境条件下适应、生长和生存。