Normal life requires cell division to produce new cells, but cell death is necessary to maintain balance. Dysregulation of cell death can lead to the survival and proliferation of abnormal cells, promoting tumor development. Unlike apoptosis, necrosis, and autophagy, the newly recognized forms of regulated cell death (RCD) cuproptosis, ferroptosis, and PANoptosis provide novel therapeutic strategies for tumor treatment. Increasing research indicates that the death of tumor and immune cells mediated by these newly discovered forms of cell death can regulate the tumor microenvironment (TME) and influence the effectiveness of tumor immunotherapy. This review primarily elucidates the molecular mechanisms of cuproptosis, ferroptosis, and PANoptosis and their complex effects on tumor cells and the TME. This review also summarizes the exploration of nanoparticle applications in tumor therapy based on in vivo and in vitro evidence derived from the induction or inhibition of these new RCD pathways.

中文翻译：

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肿瘤免疫微环境重塑和免疫治疗中的 Cuproptosis、铁死亡和 PANoptosis：罪魁祸首或新希望


正常生命需要细胞分裂才能产生新细胞，但细胞死亡是维持平衡所必需的。细胞死亡失调可导致异常细胞的存活和增殖，促进肿瘤发展。与细胞凋亡、坏死和自噬不同，新发现的调节细胞死亡 （RCD） 凋亡、铁死亡和 PANoptosis 为肿瘤治疗提供了新的治疗策略。越来越多的研究表明，这些新发现的细胞死亡形式介导的肿瘤和免疫细胞死亡可以调节肿瘤微环境 （TME） 并影响肿瘤免疫治疗的有效性。本文主要阐明了 cuproptosis、ferroptosis和 PANoptosis 的分子机制及其对肿瘤细胞和 TME 的复杂影响。本综述还基于诱导或抑制这些新 RCD 通路的体内和体外证据，总结了纳米颗粒在肿瘤治疗中的应用探索。