Asthma and related respiratory symptoms are growing in India and urban cities are experiencing increasing traffic-related air pollution (TRAP) levels. Our study investigates the association between TRAP and respiratory symptoms, and unplanned visits made to general practitioner/emergency department/hospital admission in children and adolescents; we also aimed to understand whether low greenspaces surrounding the schools impacted this association. Trucks passing near the child's residences were used as a surrogate marker for measuring exposure to heavy TRAP. Exposures to school neighbourhood characteristics such as distance from major roads, a major source of TRAP, and industries were studied and the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) was used to measure greenspaces at 100 m and 200 m. Results showed no relationship between TRAP exposures and the odds of unplanned visits to general practitioners/emergency department /hospital admissions in young children; however, adolescents experienced increased risk. TRAP-related characteristics and greenspaces (within 200 m) strongly interacted with childhood respiratory symptoms. Our findings suggest exposure to TRAP near residences is increasingly harmful, and the school neighbourhood factors contribute to the risk of respiratory symptoms in children and adolescents in urban areas. Further studies in different regions are needed to verify our findings based on the causal mechanisms.

中文翻译：

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暴露于交通和绿地，以及与印度城市呼吸健康的关联


哮喘和相关呼吸道症状在印度日益严重，城市与交通相关的空气污染 （TRAP） 水平不断上升。我们的研究调查了 TRAP 与呼吸道症状之间的关联，以及儿童和青少年对全科医生/急诊科/医院入院的计划外就诊;我们还旨在了解学校周围的低绿地是否会影响这种关联。经过儿童住所附近的卡车被用作测量重度 TRAP 暴露的替代标记。研究了学校邻里特征的暴露情况，例如与主要道路的距离、TRAP 的主要来源和工业，并使用归一化差值植被指数 （NDVI） 测量 100 m 和 200 m 处的绿地。结果显示，TRAP 暴露与幼儿计划外就诊全科医生/急诊科/住院的几率之间没有关系;然而，青少年的风险增加。TRAP 相关特征和绿地 （200 m 以内） 与儿童呼吸道症状密切相关。我们的研究结果表明，在住宅附近接触 TRAP 的危害越来越大，而学校邻里因素导致城市地区儿童和青少年出现呼吸道症状的风险。需要在不同地区进行进一步研究，以根据因果机制验证我们的发现。