Sustainable energy transition involves the execution of recent technologies as a means of ensuring energy access and security. However, the increasing adoption of such technologies, particularly in the presence of diverse constraints, poses significant challenges from a planning perspective. In this context, the multi-objective analysis offers valuable insights for decision-making that balances mutual benefits, as relying solely on a single objective may increase the risk level for stakeholders engaged in coordinated decisions. Based on the real dataset, this study presents a comparative multi-criteria techno-economic, environmental, and social evaluation of site-specific unified standalone and grid-connected hybrid microgrids. The study employs a modified Last Cluster Mean Carried Forward approach for data processing, incorporating the Proprietary Derivative-free Algorithm and Original Grid-Search Algorithm to ensure a standardized comparison. Results reveal the substantial advantages of grid-connected systems over standalone counterparts, with reductions of 12.54 % to 63.73 % and 68.93 % to 89.13 % in terms of Net Present Cost and Levelized Cost of Energy, respectively. Grid-connected systems exhibit superior adaptability, recovering 52.3 % to 98.1 % surplus energy with a Renewable Fraction averaging 77.1 % to 87.9 %. However, these systems were hindered by frequent interruptions and required a minimum capacity shortage of 2.5 % to 3.5 %. Furthermore, grid-connected systems have proved feasible when carbon emissions, forests required to absorb the emissions, and the Social Cost of Carbon Emissions are considered in the range of 4.65–67.13 kiloton (metric), 423.32–6108.53 ha, and $0.24-$3.42 million, respectively. Social analysis and sensitivity analyses are performed to justify the robustness and adaptability. Lastly, the findings are followed by policy recommendations and results validation by comparing prevailing government tariffs and other studies.

中文翻译：

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基于多标准技术经济、环境和社会指数的异构自主和并网微电网的优化规划和运行


可持续能源转型涉及采用最新技术，作为确保能源获取和安全的一种手段。然而，从规划的角度来看，此类技术的日益普及，尤其是在存在各种限制的情况下，带来了重大挑战。在这种情况下，多目标分析为平衡互惠互利的决策提供了有价值的见解，因为仅依赖单一目标可能会增加参与协调决策的利益相关者的风险水平。基于真实数据集，本研究对特定地点的统一独立和并网混合微电网进行了比较多标准技术经济、环境和社会评估。该研究采用修改后的 Last Cluster Mean Carry Forward 方法进行数据处理，结合了专有的无导数算法和原始的网格搜索算法，以确保标准化的比较。结果揭示了与独立系统相比，并网系统具有显著优势，净现成本和平准化能源成本分别降低了 12.54% 至 63.73% 和 68.93% 至 89.13%。并网系统表现出卓越的适应性，可回收 52.3% 至 98.1% 的剩余能源，可再生部分平均为 77.1% 至 87.9%。然而，这些系统受到频繁中断的阻碍，并且需要至少 2.5% 至 3.5% 的容量短缺。此外，当碳排放、吸收排放所需的森林和碳排放的社会成本分别在 4.65-67.13 千吨（公制）、423.32-6108.53 公顷和 0.24-342 万美元的范围内时，并网系统已被证明是可行的。 进行社会分析和敏感性分析以证明稳健性和适应性。最后，研究结果之后是政策建议，并通过比较现行政府关税和其他研究来验证结果。