The urban roadway tunnel system (URTS), as an infrastructure system that includes equipment and facilities, operational staff, and traffic participants, faces challenges arising from various potential fire threats. Existing studies on tunnel fire risk primarily focus on static assessment, neglecting dynamic changes over time, and insufficiently considering the complexity of tunnel composition, leading to incomplete identification of influential factors. Additionally, few studies were conducted to develop optimal operation and maintenance (O&M) strategies under cost constraints. To bolster fire safety management of URTS, a fire framework that combines resilience assessment and optimization is proposed based on system resilience theory, Bayesian network (BN), and multi-objective optimization (MOPT) in this paper. The framework is applied to Hangzhou’s URTS. The results indicate that Hangzhou’s URTS has a current “Medium” fire resilience level of 0.640, decreasing to 0.568 in 20 years without scientific O&M. The static and dynamic strategies are acquired through sensitivity and critical importance analysis, enhancing long-term fire resilience. Moreover, optimal strategies for varied investments in diverse periods are explored, considering O&M costs and resilience levels. The fire resilience framework introduced herein can integrate into various infrastructure systems, effectively enhancing disaster resilience and promoting sustainable development.

中文翻译：

---

城市巷行隧道系统面对火灾灾害的动态韧性评估与多目标优化决策


城市道路隧道系统 （URTS） 作为一个基础设施系统，包括设备和设施、运营人员和交通参与者，面临着各种潜在火灾威胁带来的挑战。现有的隧道火灾风险研究主要集中在静态评估上，忽视了动态随时间的变化，没有充分考虑隧道成分的复杂性，导致影响因素的识别不完整。此外，在成本约束下制定最佳运营和维护 （O&M） 策略的研究很少。为加强URTS的消防安全管理，该文基于系统弹性理论、贝叶斯网络（BN）和多目标优化（MOPT）提出了一种韧性评估与优化相结合的消防框架。该框架适用于杭州的 URTS。结果表明：杭州市URTS目前的防火韧性等级为0.640，在没有科学运维的20年内下降到0.568。静态和动态策略是通过敏感性和关键重要性分析获得的，从而增强长期火灾弹性。此外，考虑到运营和维护成本和弹性水平，探索了不同时期不同投资的最佳策略。本文介绍的防火韧性框架可以融入各种基础设施系统，有效增强抗灾能力，促进可持续发展。