The Mongolian Plateau hosts one of the world's most fragile ecosystems, characterized by high volatility and frequent natural disasters due to rapid climate change and human activities in recent decades. Frequent dust storms notably mark spring in this region. Through observational analysis and numerical modeling, this study investigates the impacts of comprehensive ocean and land processes—including sea surface temperature (SST) in the North Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, as well as Eurasian land conditions—on the interannual fluctuations of spring precipitation in the Mongolian Plateau (SPMP) from 1979 to 2020. The ocean-land processes involve: a tripole pattern of North Atlantic SST anomalies triggers an eastward-propagating continental-scale wave train; Increased snow cover in Central Asia induces significant anomalous low pressure through the albedo effect; El Niño-Southern Oscillation initiate a teleconnection pattern over the upstream region of the Indian-western Pacific Ocean. These anomalous ocean and land conditions interact with large-scale atmospheric circulations, altering dynamical and hydrological conditions around the Mongolian Plateau, thereby contributing to SPMP variation. Further corroboration from numerical model experiments supports the observational analysis results. The combined effects of multiple ocean-land factors effectively explain precipitation variability across extensive areas of the Mongolian Plateau. A regression model constructed using these land-ocean factors captures the time evolution of the SPMP well.

中文翻译：

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海陆过程对蒙古高原春季降水变化的综合影响


蒙古高原拥有世界上最脆弱的生态系统之一，由于近几十年来的快速气候变化和人类活动，其特点是高度波动和频繁的自然灾害。频繁的沙尘暴是该地区的春天。通过观测分析和数值建模，本研究调查了 1979 年至 2020 年蒙古高原春季降水 （SPMP） 年际波动等综合海洋和陆地过程（包括北大西洋和太平洋的海表温度 （SST） 以及欧亚陆地条件）的影响。海陆过程涉及：北大西洋海温异常的三极模式触发了向东传播的大陆尺度波列;中亚积雪的增加通过反照率效应诱导了显著的异常低压;厄尔尼诺-南方涛动在印度-西太平洋上游地区启动遥相关模式。这些异常的海洋和陆地条件与大尺度的大气环流相互作用，改变了蒙古高原周围的动力学和水文条件，从而导致了 SPMP 的变化。数值模型实验的进一步证实支持了观测分析结果。多种海洋-陆地因素的综合效应有效地解释了蒙古高原大片地区的降水变化。利用这些陆地-海洋因素构建的回归模型很好地捕捉了 SPMP 的时间演变。