Ecosystem restoration is critical in attaining land degradation neutrality (LDN) by fostering synergistic relationships between land use patterns, ecological processes, ecosystem services, and sustainable development, i.e., the “pattern-process-service-sustainability” cascading pathway. However, a comprehensive investigation examining the ecosystem restoration required to achieve LDN within the “pattern-process-service-sustainability” framework is yet to be undertaken. This study analysed the challenges associated with ecosystem restoration and proposed strategic approaches to promote restoration efforts aimed at LDN. Overall, various challenges exist encompassing trade-offs or conflicts between degradation and compensation, restoration and protection, area and structure, local and transboundary, as well as social and ecological factors. To address these challenges, potential restoration solutions for implementing LDN entail establishing restoration patterns that integrate conservation with restoration and co-manage plantations with natural ecosystems. Additionally, to foster resilient and self-regulating ecological processes, the focus is on improving ecological structure and harmonizing vegetation restoration with animal management. Enhancing overall ecosystem services requires reducing trade-offs within biophysical thresholds and compensating degraded land with equivalent quality land. Finally, integrating local livelihoods and well-being in ecosystem restoration and promoting transboundary land management are vital for fostering sustainability among social-ecological systems. This article underscores the practical significance of ecosystem restoration along the landscape pattern − ecological process − ecosystem services − sustainability continuum. The insights presented herein provide valuable support for enhancing global initiatives on ecosystem restoration, thereby facilitating the achievement of LDN and the SDGs.

中文翻译：

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沿着“模式-过程-服务-可持续性”路径进行生态系统恢复，以实现土地退化零增长


生态系统恢复通过促进土地利用模式、生态过程、生态系统服务和可持续发展之间的协同关系，即“模式-过程-服务-可持续性”级联路径，对于实现土地退化零增长 （LDN） 至关重要。然而，在“模式-过程-服务-可持续性”框架内实现 LDN 所需的生态系统恢复情况尚未进行全面调查。本研究分析了与生态系统恢复相关的挑战，并提出了促进针对 LDN 的恢复工作的战略方法。总体而言，存在各种挑战，包括退化与补偿、恢复和保护、面积和结构、局部和跨界以及社会和生态因素之间的权衡或冲突。为了应对这些挑战，实施 LDN 的潜在恢复解决方案需要建立恢复模式，将保护与恢复相结合，并将种植园与自然生态系统共同管理。此外，为了促进有弹性和自我调节的生态过程，重点是改善生态结构以及使植被恢复与动物管理相协调。加强整体生态系统服务需要减少生物物理阈值内的权衡取舍，并用同等质量的土地补偿退化的土地。最后，将当地生计和福祉纳入生态系统恢复并促进跨界土地管理对于促进社会生态系统的可持续性至关重要。本文强调了沿景观格局 - 生态过程 - 生态系统服务 - 可持续性连续体进行生态系统恢复的现实意义。 本文提出的见解为加强全球生态系统恢复倡议提供了宝贵的支持，从而促进了 LDN 和 SDG 的实现。