Snow exhibits unique mechanical behaviour due to its evolving properties influenced by temperature, stress conditions, and viscous effects. This paper introduces a nonlinear constitutive model for snow, featuring new formulations for the yield function and strain rate potential, and incorporating viscosity, sintering, and degradation effects. The model is numerically integrated into the Abaqus/Standard FEM software using a fully implicit backward Euler method for time integration and Powell’s hybrid method for linearizing the nonlinear system of equations. The robustness and stability of the numerical scheme ensure accurate simulation of snow behaviour under various loading conditions. The model is finally validated against experimental data available in the literature, demonstrating its effectiveness and reliability in capturing the complex mechanical response of snow.

中文翻译：

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雪的弹性-粘塑性-本构模型：理论和有限元实现


雪因其受温度、应力条件和粘性效应影响而不断发展的特性而表现出独特的机械行为。本文介绍了雪的非线性本构模型，该模型具有屈服函数和应变率势的新公式，并结合了粘度、烧结和降解效应。该模型以数值方式集成到 Abaqus/Standard FEM 软件中，使用完全隐式后向欧拉方法进行时间积分，并使用 Powell 混合方法对非线性方程组进行线性化。数值方案的稳健性和稳定性确保了对各种载荷条件下雪行为的准确模拟。该模型最终根据文献中提供的实验数据进行了验证，证明了它在捕捉雪的复杂机械响应方面的有效性和可靠性。