Spending time outdoors may bolster mental health via relaxation and physical activity. Yet, most studies use self-report and involve majority White samples from higher income areas. Findings may not hold true using device-derived measurement, among minoritized participants, or in low-income neighborhoods. Our objectives were to test whether: i) time spent outdoors in physical activity is associated with mental health; ii) the effect is modified by the positive or negative outdoor conditions (amount of greenness or vacant houses/lots encountered while outdoors); iii) there is a correlation between our measures of outdoor conditions and perceived neighborhood conditions; and iv) there is a different relationship between time spent outdoors in parks (as an indicator of intentional nature exposure) and mental health. The sample of 112 participants (87 % Black/African American persons) from 11 Detroit, MI neighborhoods wore a GPS and accelerometer for one week (May-Oct 2021) and completed a survey. We calculated exposure to greenness, vacant lots/houses while outdoors, and perceived neighborhood aesthetics. We fitted regression models for mental health measures separately and included time spent outdoors in PA, age, sex, and days with high precipitation. We then fitted models stratified by outdoor conditions. Last, we examined whether a similar relationship could be detected for time spent outdoors in parks. On average, ∼30 % of PA was conducted outdoors, and 56 % of outdoor time involved PA. We observed an unexpected positive association between outdoor PA and anxiety (coef: 0.33, 95 % CI: 0.14–0.51), depression (coef: 0.31, 95 % CI: 0.15–0.47), and perceived stress score (coef: 0.18, 95 % CI: 0.07–0.29). When stratified, we found consistent and/or larger associations for those exposed to high levels of vacant homes, high greenness (both aerial and street-level), low levels of vacant lots, and low perceived neighborhood aesthetics. Importantly and in contrast, we observed the opposite trend when examining time spent in parks (coef: −0.05, 95 % CI: −0.10--0.01). These results contrast many studies showing positive relationships between time outdoors and mental health and highlight the need for research with diverse populations and better measures of outdoor conditions and intentionality of greenspace contact.

中文翻译：

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在以黑人为主的样本中，户外体育活动与更好的心理健康无关，但花时间在公园里是


花时间在户外可以通过放松和体育活动来促进心理健康。然而，大多数研究使用自我报告，并涉及来自高收入地区的大多数白人样本。使用设备衍生的测量、少数族裔参与者或低收入社区的发现可能不正确。我们的目标是测试：i） 在户外进行体育活动的时间是否与心理健康相关;ii） 效果会受到积极或消极的户外条件（户外遇到的绿化数量或空置房屋/地块）的影响;iii） 我们对户外条件的测量与感知的邻里条件之间存在相关性;iv） 在公园户外活动的时间（作为有意接触自然的指标）与心理健康之间存在不同的关系。来自密歇根州底特律 11 个社区的 112 名参与者（87% 黑人/非裔美国人）的样本佩戴了 GPS 和加速度计一周（2021 年 5 月至 10 月）并完成了一项调查。我们计算了户外对绿色的暴露、空地/房屋以及感知的社区美学。我们分别拟合了心理健康测量的回归模型，并包括 PA 的户外活动时间、年龄、性别和降水量大的天数。然后，我们按室外条件对模型进行了分层。最后，我们检查了是否可以在公园的户外活动中检测到类似的关系。平均而言，∼30% 的 PA 是在户外进行的，56% 的户外时间涉及 PA。我们观察到户外 PA 与焦虑 （coef： 0.33， 95 % CI： 0.14–0.51）、抑郁 （coef： 0.31， 95 % CI： 0.15–0.47） 和感知压力评分 （coef： 0.18， 95 % CI： 0.07–0.29） 之间存在意想不到的正相关。 分层时，我们发现那些暴露于高水平空置房屋、高绿化度（空中和街道水平）、低水平空地和低感知社区美学的人存在一致和/或更大的关联。重要的是，相比之下，我们在检查公园花费的时间时观察到相反的趋势（系数：-0.05,95 % CI：-0.10--0.01）。这些结果与许多显示户外时间与心理健康之间正相关研究的研究形成鲜明对比，并强调需要对不同人群进行研究，并更好地衡量户外条件和绿地接触的意向性。