Urbanisation has impaired the capacity of urban rivers to provide ecosystem services. In the last decades, many river restoration projects have been carried out worldwide with the objective of recovering ecological integrity and the provision of a wide range of ecosystem services. In this paper we analyse the impact of the renaturalisation of the Manzanares river in Madrid, Spain, in the attractiveness of the surrounding green space for outdoor recreation. Two complementary mapping methodologies, ESTIMAP-recreation model and public participation geographical information systems (PPGIS), were used to analyse recreation potential and actual use. The results show that the renaturalisation of the river has improved ecological quality as well as recreational attractiveness, increasing the capacity to provide a wide range of ecosystem services. Both methodologies produce complementary results. The areas close to the river are those with the highest recreation potential. However, actual use is not only conditioned by recreation potential but also by proximity to the place of residence, accessibility, security, and other landscape characteristics that could not be captured by ESTIMAP model, such as sense of place. We conclude that even in highly modified urban rivers, renaturalisation with low-cost actions can highly improve the capacity to provide ecosystem services and recommend using complementary methodologies to capture the diversity of user preferences for outdoor recreation to design urban green spaces.

中文翻译：

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西班牙马德里曼萨纳雷斯河的再自然化和自然再野化：绘制娱乐潜力和实际用途


城市化削弱了城市河流提供生态系统服务的能力。在过去的几十年里，世界各地开展了许多河流恢复项目，旨在恢复生态完整性和提供广泛的生态系统服务。在本文中，我们分析了西班牙马德里曼萨纳雷斯河重新自然化对周围户外休闲绿地吸引力的影响。两种互补的绘图方法，ESTIMAP-娱乐模型和公众参与地理信息系统 （PPGIS） 被用来分析娱乐潜力和实际使用情况。结果表明，河流的再自然化改善了生态质量和娱乐吸引力，提高了提供广泛生态系统服务的能力。两种方法产生互补的结果。靠近河流的地区是娱乐潜力最大的地区。然而，实际使用不仅受娱乐潜力的限制，还受制于与居住地的距离、可达性、安全性以及 ESTIMAP 模型无法捕捉的其他景观特征，例如地方感。我们得出的结论是，即使在高度改造的城市河流中，通过低成本行动进行自然化也可以大大提高提供生态系统服务的能力，并建议使用互补方法来捕捉用户对户外休闲偏好的多样性，以设计城市绿地。