Urban fires that result from wildfires are an emerging, extreme event affecting communities and urban forests globally. However, much of the fire effects on urban ecosystems literature is primarily focused on Wildland-Urban Interface (WUI) areas, correlates of building loss, risk mitigation, and wildland vegetation and fuels. Three recent urban fires in California USA provided an opportunity to explore these effects on urban forests: the 2017 Tubbs (Santa Rosa) and Thomas (Ventura) fires and the 2018 Camp fire that burned Paradise. Accordingly, we analyzed pre- and post-fire neighborhood level urban tree cover (nUTC) change over 5 years using Sentinel and LiDAR data (10 m resolution). Then, we explored the effects of fire severity on changes in several regulating ecosystem services (e.g., carbon, air pollution, stormwater). Findings from the Rapid Assessment of Vegetation Condition after Wildfire severity processes and other geospatial datasets show that fire effects were patchy with fire severity within neighborhoods ranging from unburned to extreme. We found that ∼5 years after the fires, and relative to adjacent non-fire affected neighborhoods, Ventura and Santa Rosa’s nUTC is recovering to pre-fire levels while Paradise’s nUTC is being consistently lost over time. Ventura and Santa Rosa had 20–25 % of their fire affected area outside established WUI boundaries. However, local-scale urban tree cover and ecosystem service supply are lagged, and recovery time depends on the surrounding biome and socio-ecological context. In inland, higher elevation communities – like Paradise – the recovery of nUTC and the associated ecosystem services might materialize over a much longer timeframe. Our study provides a roadmap to assess the response of urban wildfire-affected tree cover and ecosystem services across space and time. It is also one of the first assessments of fire effects on urban ecosystems and communities outside of WUI boundaries that are now experiencing increased threat from wildfires globally.

中文翻译：

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城市森林覆盖率和生态系统服务对火灾的反应在加州社区有所不同


野火引起的城市火灾是一种新兴的极端事件，影响着全球的社区和城市森林。然而，许多火灾对城市生态系统的影响文献主要集中在荒野-城市界面 （WUI） 区域、建筑物损失的相关性、风险缓解以及荒地植被和燃料。美国加利福尼亚州最近发生的三场城市火灾为探索这些对城市森林的影响提供了机会：2017 年的塔布斯（圣罗莎）和托马斯（文图拉）大火以及 2018 年烧毁天堂的坎普大火。因此，我们使用 Sentinel 和 LiDAR 数据（10 m 分辨率）分析了火灾前后社区水平城市树木覆盖 （nUTC） 在 5 年内的变化。然后，我们探讨了火灾严重程度对几种调节生态系统服务（例如碳、空气污染、雨水）变化的影响。野火严重性过程后植被状况的快速评估和其他地理空间数据集的结果表明，火灾影响是零散的，社区内的火灾严重程度从未燃烧到极端不等。我们发现，在火灾发生 ∼5 年后，相对于相邻的未受火灾影响的社区，文图拉和圣罗莎的 nUTC 正在恢复到火灾前的水平，而天堂的 nUTC 随着时间的推移而不断丢失。文图拉和圣罗莎有 20-25% 的火灾影响区域超出已建立的 WUI 边界。然而，当地规模的城市树木覆盖和生态系统服务供应滞后，恢复时间取决于周围的生物群落和社会生态环境。在内陆、海拔较高的社区（如 Paradise），nUTC 的恢复和相关生态系统服务可能会在更长的时间内实现。 我们的研究提供了一个路线图，以评估受城市野火影响的树木覆盖和生态系统服务在空间和时间上的响应。这也是对火灾对 WUI 边界以外的城市生态系统和社区影响的首批评估之一，这些社区现在正面临全球野火越来越大的威胁。