Green roofs (GR) are nature-based solutions for climate change adaptation and mitigation in buildings and cities. However, few GR maintenance, installation, and challenge-solving guidelines are available for semiarid climates. We present how three case-study types of GR (urban gardens (UGR), native gardens (NGR), and wetland roofs (WR)) varied in installation costs, irrigation volumes, maintenance times, vegetation cover, survival, biomass and yield, in Ensenada, México, from 2022 to 2023. In UGR, nine edible species were cultivated to yield produce; in NGR, six native plants were planted, and four were grown in WR. UGR installation costs were 31 % and 21 % lower, but maintenance costs were four and 1.5 times higher than NGR and WR, respectively. UGR consumed 17 % more water annually than NGR and 42 % less than WR. Likewise, UGR demanded 94 and 92 % more annual maintenance time than NGR and WR. WR presented the highest survival, height, cover, and biomass values, followed by NGR (except for biomass) and UGR. Our results point to different GR solutions for distinct types of applications and users, demonstrating their versatility in design. All GR categories are suitable to reduce the ecological footprint of buildings; however, we emphasize that each GR design involves different economic, time, and challenge-solving commitments that should be considered before installation and operation.

中文翻译：

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墨西哥西北部三种广泛的绿色屋顶设计中的维护、运营成本和工厂性能


绿色屋顶 （GR） 是基于自然的解决方案，用于建筑物和城市适应和缓解气候变化。然而，很少有适用于半干旱气候的 GR 维护、安装和挑战解决指南。我们介绍了 2022 年至 2023 年墨西哥恩塞纳达的三种 GR 案例研究类型（城市花园 （UGR）、原生花园 （NGR） 和湿地屋顶 （WR））在安装成本、灌溉量、维护时间、植被覆盖、存活率、生物量和产量方面的变化。在 UGR 中，种植了 9 种可食用物种以生产农产品;在 NGR 中，种植了 6 种本地植物，在 WR 种植了 4 种。UGR 安装成本降低了 31% 和 21%，但维护成本分别是 NGR 和 WR 的 4 倍和 1.5 倍。UGR 每年的用水量比 NGR 多 17%，比 WR 少 42%。同样，UGR 要求的年度维护时间比 NGR 和 WR 多 94% 和 92%。WR 的存活率、高度、覆盖率和生物量值最高，其次是 NGR（生物量除外）和 UGR。我们的结果表明，针对不同类型的应用和用户，不同的 GR 解决方案，展示了它们在设计方面的多功能性。所有 GR 类别都适合减少建筑物的生态足迹;但是，我们强调，每个 GR 设计都涉及不同的经济、时间和挑战解决承诺，在安装和运行之前应考虑这些承诺。