On October 7, 2023, Palestinian armed groups, chiefly Hamas's armed wing, breached the fence around the Gaza strip and launched attacks on Israeli territory. Over several hours, Palestinian fighters killed 1,269 people, mostly civilians, engaged in sexual violence and torture, and took 253 hostages. The same day, Israel's Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu declared, “Israel is at war,” and the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) launched air strikes and later a ground invasion of Gaza. In the eleven months since, Palestinian groups have continued to hold, mistreat, and kill hostages and launched rockets into Israel's population centers. Meanwhile, the IDF has killed an estimated forty-one thousand people in Gaza, mostly civilians, engaged in sexual violence and torture of Palestinian detainees, damaged or destroyed most of the food, water, and medical infrastructure, and restricted humanitarian access, with dire consequences. Civilian casualty experts argue the death toll (which excludes the likely greater number killed “indirectly” through disease and deprivation) far exceeds what we have come to expect from contemporary military campaigns. Both sides have committed violations of International Humanitarian Law (IHL), too many to list individually.

中文翻译：

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加沙的国际法：交战意图和临时措施


2023 年 10 月 7 日，以哈马斯武装派为主的巴勒斯坦武装团体突破了加沙地带周围的围栏，对以色列领土发动了袭击。在几个小时内，巴勒斯坦战斗人员杀害了 1,269 人，其中大部分是平民，他们参与了性暴力和酷刑，并劫持了 253 名人质。同一天，以色列总理本雅明·内塔尼亚胡宣布，“以色列处于战争状态”，以色列国防军 （IDF） 发动了空袭，随后又对加沙进行了地面入侵。在此后的 11 个月里，巴勒斯坦团体继续扣押、虐待和杀害人质，并向以色列的人口中心发射火箭弹。与此同时，以色列国防军在加沙杀害了大约 41,000 人，其中大多数是平民，他们对巴勒斯坦被拘留者实施性暴力和酷刑，损坏或摧毁了大部分食物、水和医疗基础设施，并限制了人道主义准入，造成了可怕的后果。平民伤亡专家认为，死亡人数（不包括可能因疾病和贫困而“间接”死亡的更多人数）远远超过我们对当代军事行动的预期。双方都违反了国际人道法（IHL），其数量之多，无法一一列举。