Experimental data were analyzed to investigate the underlying adsorption or degradation mechanism of carotenoids and chlorophylls over the bleaching of sunflower oil through different amplitudes of horn and bath ultrasound (ultrasound-assisted bleaching; UAB), temperature, time, and bleaching clay. Quantifying the color removal efficiency in both batch and continuous systems, along with the corresponding process time and energy consumption, is paramount for evaluating the energy-related performance of the treatment method. The adsorption of pigments onto activated bentonite was notably rapid and effective when ultrasound was employed. In both bleaching processes, the adsorption kinetics of carotenoids and chlorophyll exhibited a pseudo-second-order behavior. At the same time, a pseudo-first-order equation provided a better fit for the control conditions. Moreover, intra-particle diffusion contributed to the adsorption mechanism, although it was not the only rate-limiting step in the adsorption of pigments on the clay. It is hypothesized that carotenoid and chlorophyll adsorption occur through physisorption in control conditions, while chemical reactions play a role in pigment removal under sonication. The Freundlich isotherm yielded precise estimates of the adsorption equilibrium data for carotenoid and chlorophyll during ultrasonic bleaching, suggesting a multilayer adsorption mechanism under ultrasound exposure. The thermodynamic study found that pigment adsorption was feasible, spontaneous, and endothermic. According to the results, horn and bath ultrasound, especially at higher voltages, can remarkably remove carotenoid and chlorophyll from sunflower oil compared to the traditional bleaching process.

中文翻译：

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深入了解超声模式和振幅依赖性类胡萝卜素和叶绿素降解或/和吸附的动力学、等温线和热力学


分析实验数据，通过不同振幅的喇叭和浴超声（超声辅助漂白;UAB）、温度、时间和漂白粘土。量化间歇式和连续式系统中的脱色效率，以及相应的加工时间和能耗，对于评估处理方法的能源相关性能至关重要。当使用超声波时，颜料对活性膨润土的吸附非常迅速和有效。在这两个漂白过程中，类胡萝卜素和叶绿素的吸附动力学都表现出伪二级行为。同时，伪一阶方程为控制条件提供了更好的拟合。此外，颗粒内扩散有助于吸附机制，尽管它不是粘土上颜料吸附的唯一限速步骤。据推测，类胡萝卜素和叶绿素的吸附在控制条件下通过物理吸附发生，而化学反应在超声处理下起着色素去除的作用。Freundlich 等温线对超声漂白过程中类胡萝卜素和叶绿素的吸附平衡数据进行了精确估计，表明超声暴露下的多层吸附机制。热力学研究发现，色素吸附是可行的、自发的和吸热的。根据结果，与传统的漂白工艺相比，喇叭和浴超声，尤其是在较高电压下，可以显着去除葵花籽油中的类胡萝卜素和叶绿素。