Research on sensor materials has expanded with the advancement of sensing technologies across industries. Carbon dots (CDs) derived from organic waste and biomass have attracted widespread interest in sensing applications with their prominent properties (e.g., photoluminescence and biocompatibility). The use of non-biomass waste (NBW) as a raw material thus becomes important to make their production process sustainable without additional treatments to cause environmental pollution. Due to scarcity of research on NBW-based CDs, this review explores the synthesis methods, properties, and sensing applications of NBW-based CDs. The potential of NBW-based CD sensors for metal ions (e.g., Fe³⁺ and Cu²⁺) and humidity has been evaluated in various respects. In the case of Fe³⁺ and Cu²⁺, CDs derived from waste medical gloves and polyolefin pyrolysis residue exhibit the lowest limit of detection values of 0.29 nM and 6 nM, respectively, among all sensors examined on parallel basis. In the case of humidity, graphite-based CDs exhibit the best performance, with a minimum response time of 15 s. This review overall highlights the challenges and opportunities for the expanded application of NBW-based CDs toward the construction of efficient sensing systems based on performance evaluations.

中文翻译：

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来自非生物质废物的碳点，用于传感应用


随着各行各业传感技术的进步，传感器材料的研究也得到了扩展。来自有机废物和生物质的碳点 （CD） 以其突出的特性（例如光致发光和生物相容性）引起了传感应用的广泛兴趣。因此，使用非生物质废物 （NBW） 作为原材料对于使其生产过程可持续而无需额外处理造成环境污染就变得非常重要。由于对基于 NBW 的 CDs 的研究稀缺，本文探讨了基于 NBW 的 CDs 的合成方法、性质和传感应用。基于 NBW 的 CD 传感器在金属离子（例如 Fe³⁺ 和 Cu²⁺）和湿度方面的潜力已经从各个方面进行了评估。在 Fe³⁺ 和 Cu²⁺ 的情况下，来自废弃医用手套和聚烯烃热解残留物的 CD 在并行检查的所有传感器中表现出最低检测值分别为 0.29 nM 和 6 nM。在潮湿的情况下，石墨基 CD 表现出最佳性能，最小响应时间为 15 秒。本文在性能评价的基础上，总体上强调了基于 NBW 的 CDs 在构建高效传感系统方面扩展应用的挑战和机遇。