The in-utero environment is key to both fetal and postnatal growth and development. The objective of this study was to determine if administration of an acute low-dose lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to gestating sows during mid to late gestation and post-weaning would alter the offsprings metabolomic profile of the longissimus dorsi (LD) and muscle ultrastructure. Pregnant Camborough sows were randomly assigned to receive LPS (LPS; n= 7) at a dose of 2.5 μg/kg or saline (CON; n = 7) on 78 ± 1.8 d of gestation. At weaning (21 ± 1.3 d of age), barrows (CON n = 17; LPS n = 17) from each treatment were selected to receive a secondary LPS. Barrows were administered the secondary LPS challenge at a dose of 10 μg/kg 7 d post weaning. Twenty-four h after the postnatal LPS dose, barrows (31 ± 1.3 d of age) were euthanized, and each LD was removed. The left LD was utilized for morphometric measurements. Two samples from the medial section of the right LD were preserved for immunohistochemical measurements and metabolomic analyses. Mass spectral data were deconvoluted, aligned, and annotated using MS-DIAL. Univariate and multivariate analyses were conducted using MetaboAnalyst. Pathway analysis was conducted and compared to the Homo sapiens pathway library. Morphometric and immunohistochemical measurements were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS version 9.4. Significance for all analyses was declared at P ≤ 0.05 and tendencies were considered at P ≤ 0.10. Average diameter of myosin heavy chain (MHC) type I and IIB/X fibers was increased (P ≤ 0.048) in LPS offspring compared with CON. Average cross-sectional area was increased (P = 0.030) in MHC IIB/X fibers and tended to be increased (P = 0.080) in MHC I fibers of LPS offspring. There were no differences (P ≥ 0.186) between treatment groups for total nuclei or nuclei positive for MYF5, PAX7, or MYF5 and PAX7 nuclei. Metabolomic analyses identified 14 differentially expressed (P < 0.05) metabolites in the LD between treatment groups. There were 10 metabolites within the LD that tended (P ≤ 0.096) to differ between treatment groups. Thus, this study shows that in-utero immune stimulation using LPS in gestating sows and a subsequent LPS challenge postnatally alters the metabolomic profile and muscle ultrastructure of the LD in weaned pigs.

中文翻译：

---

产前和产后免疫激发影响断奶仔猪的肌肉生长和新陈代谢


子宫内环境是胎儿和出生后生长发育的关键。本研究的目的是确定在妊娠中后期和断奶后对妊娠母猪施用急性低剂量脂多糖 （LPS） 是否会改变后代背最长肌 （LD） 和肌肉超微结构的代谢组学特征。将怀孕的 Camborough 母猪随机分配在妊娠 78 ± 1.8 天接受剂量为 2.5 μg/kg 的 LPS （LPS;n= 7） 或盐水 （CON;n = 7）。断奶时 （21 ± 1.3 d），Barrow （CON n = 17;选择来自每个治疗的 LPS n = 17） 接受二次 LPS。断奶后 7 天以 10 μg/kg 的剂量给予巴鲁猪进行二次 LPS 攻击。出生后 LPS 剂量后 24 小时，对 barrows （31 ± 1.3 d 龄） 实施安乐死，并去除每个 LD。左侧 LD 用于形态测量。保留来自右侧 LD 内侧切片的两个样本用于免疫组织化学测量和代谢组学分析。使用 MS-DIAL 对质谱数据进行去卷积、对齐和注释。使用 MetaboAnalyst 进行单变量和多变量分析。进行通路分析并与 Homo sapiens 通路文库进行比较。使用 SAS 9.4 版的 MIXED 程序分析形态学和免疫组织化学测量值。在 P ≤ 0.05 时宣布所有分析的显著性，在 P ≤ 0.10 时考虑趋势。与 CON 相比，LPS 后代肌球蛋白重链 （MHC） I 型和 IIB/X 纤维的平均直径增加 （P ≤ 0.048）。LPS 后代的 MHC IIB/X 纤维的平均横截面积增加 （P = 0.030），MHC I 纤维的平均横截面积趋于增加 （P = 0.080）。没有差异 （P ≥ 0。186） 治疗组之间的总细胞核或 MYF5、PAX7 或 MYF5 和 PAX7 细胞核阳性的细胞核。代谢组学分析在治疗组之间的 LD 中鉴定了 14 种差异表达 （P < 0.05） 代谢物。LD 中有 10 种代谢物在治疗组之间趋于 （P ≤ 0.096） 不同。因此，这项研究表明，在妊娠母猪中使用 LPS 进行宫内免疫刺激，并在出生后进行 LPS 攻击，会改变断奶仔猪 LD 的代谢组学特征和肌肉超微结构。