Purpose

This study aims to investigate the heat and mass transfer characteristics of a temperature-sensitive ternary nanofluid in a porous medium with magnetic field and the Soret–Dufour effect through a tapered asymmetric channel. The ternary nanofluid consists of Boron Nitride Nanotubes (BNNT), silver (Ag) and copper (Cu) nanoparticles, with a focus on understanding the thermal behaviour and performance across mono, hybrid and tri-hybrid nanofluids. This paper also examines the thermal behaviour of MHD oscillatory nanofluid flow and carries out an uncertainty analysis of the model using the Taguchi method.

Design/methodology/approach

The governing equations for this system are transformed into coupled linear partial differential equations using non-similarity transformations and solved numerically with the Crank–Nicolson scheme. The impact of temperature sensitivity at three distinct temperatures (5°C, 20°C and 60°C) is incorporated to analyse variations in viscosity and Prandtl number. The study also examines the combined effects of Soret–Dufour numbers and thermal radiation on heat and mass transfer within the nanofluid.

Findings

The results demonstrate that the inclusion of BNNT, Ag and Cu nanoparticles significantly enhances heat and mass transfer rate, with copper nanoparticles showing superior performance in terms of skin friction and heat transfer rates. The Soret and Dufour effects play critical roles in modulating heat and mass diffusion within tri-hybrid nanofluids. The study reveals that temperature sensitivity alters heat and mass transfer characteristics depending on the temperature range, with pronounced variations at elevated temperatures. The influence of thermal radiation and the Peclet number is found to significantly impact temperature distribution and overall heat transfer performance within the asymmetric channel.

Originality/value

To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this study is the first to analyse the heat and mass diffusion in a ternary nanofluid composed of BNNT, Ag and Cu nanoparticles, considering porous media, oscillatory flow and thermal radiation within a tapered asymmetric channel. The research extends to a novel examination of temperature sensitivity in mono, hybrid and tri-hybrid nanofluids at varying temperature gradients. Furthermore, a comparative analysis of skin friction and heat transfer rates between copper, alumina and ferro composites is presented for optimising the nanofluid performance.

中文翻译：

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三元纳米流体通过发散通道的 MHD 振荡流的不确定性分析：纳米流体复合材料的比较研究

 目的

本研究旨在研究温度敏感的三元纳米流体在具有磁场的多孔介质中的传热和传质特性，以及通过锥形不对称通道的 Soret-Dufour 效应。三元纳米流体由氮化硼纳米管 （BNNT）、银 （Ag） 和铜 （Cu） 纳米颗粒组成，重点是了解单一、混合和三杂化纳米流体的热行为和性能。本文还研究了 MHD 振荡纳米流体流动的热行为，并使用田口方法对模型进行了不确定性分析。

设计/方法/方法

该系统的控制方程使用非相似变换转换为耦合线性偏微分方程，并使用 Crank-Nicolson 方案进行数值求解。本文研究了温度敏感性在三种不同温度（5°C、20°C 和 60°C）下的影响，以分析粘度和普朗特数的变化。该研究还研究了 Soret-Dufour 数和热辐射对纳米流体内传热和传质的综合影响。

 发现

结果表明，BNNT、Ag 和 Cu 纳米颗粒的加入显著提高了传热和传质速率，铜纳米颗粒在皮肤摩擦和传热速率方面表现出优异的性能。Soret 和 Dufour 效应在调节三杂化纳米流体中的热和质量扩散方面起着关键作用。研究表明，温度敏感性会根据温度范围改变传热和传质特性，在高温下会发生明显变化。研究发现，热辐射和 Peclet 数的影响会显著影响不对称通道内的温度分布和整体传热性能。

 原创性/价值

据作者所知，这项研究首次分析了由 BNNT、Ag 和 Cu 纳米颗粒组成的三元纳米流体中的热量和质量扩散，考虑了锥形不对称通道内的多孔介质、振荡流和热辐射。该研究扩展到对不同温度梯度下单杂化、杂化和三杂化纳米流体中的温度敏感性的新检查。此外，还对铜、氧化铝和铁复合材料之间的皮肤摩擦和传热速率进行了比较分析，以优化纳米流体的性能。