Advances and applications of nanotechnology inevitably lead to the release of nanoparticles (NPs) into the environment, particularly zinc oxide nanoparticles (nZnO). This review focuses on the toxic and nutritional effects of nZnO at both cellular and physiological levels, as well as the corresponding molecular mechanisms involved. Understanding the cellular transport and dissolution characteristics of nZnO is essential to elucidate its potential toxicity mechanisms. Excess nZnO is absorbed into tissues and accumulates in cells, ultimately resulting in physiological inhibition, nutritional imbalances, and oxidative stress. Conversely, an appropriate amount of nZnO may enhance homeostasis at the organ level, induce moderate production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and activate changes in antioxidant genes and KEGG pathways, thereby improving the anti-stress capacity of organisms. We also examine the fate of nZnO in marine fishes at the physiological and molecular levels. The effects of nZnO exposure are complex, exhibiting both potential mitigation and toxicity. While excessive use of nZnO poses ecological risks, a judiciously designed application of nZnO holds promise for various fields, including marine fish farming. The regulatory role of nZnO in fish organs, such as viscera and liver, provides new insights into the mechanisms underlying its benefits at the individual level, informing strategies to minimize risks while maximizing benefits.

中文翻译：

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氧化锌纳米颗粒 （nZnO） 的双侧细胞和生理效应：批判性综述


纳米技术的进步和应用不可避免地导致纳米颗粒 （NPs） 释放到环境中，尤其是氧化锌纳米颗粒 （nZnO）。本文重点介绍 nZnO 在细胞和生理水平上的毒性和营养作用，以及所涉及的相应分子机制。了解 nZnO 的细胞转运和溶解特性对于阐明其潜在的毒性机制至关重要。过量的 nZnO 被吸收到组织中并在细胞中积累，最终导致生理抑制、营养失衡和氧化应激。相反，适量的 nZnO 可以增强器官水平的稳态，诱导活性氧 （ROS） 的适度产生，并激活抗氧化基因和 KEGG 通路的变化，从而提高生物体的抗应激能力。我们还在生理和分子水平上研究了 nZnO 在海洋鱼类中的命运。nZnO 暴露的影响很复杂，表现出潜在的缓解和毒性。虽然过量使用 nZnO 会带来生态风险，但 nZnO 的明智设计应用为包括海水鱼类养殖在内的各个领域带来了希望。nZnO 在鱼类器官（如内脏和肝脏）中的调节作用为其在个体层面的益处机制提供了新的见解，为在最大化益处的同时将风险降至最低的策略提供了信息。