The formation of a homogeneous passivation layer based on phase-pure two-dimensional (2D) perovskites is a challenge for perovskite solar cells, especially when upscaling the devices to modules. Here we reveal a chain-length-dependent and halide-related phase separation problem of 2D perovskite growing on top of three-dimensional perovskites. We demonstrate that a homogeneous 2D perovskite passivation layer can be formed upon treatment of the perovskite layer with formamidinium bromide in long-chain ( >10) alkylamine ligand salts. We achieve champion active-area efficiencies of 25.61%, 24.62% and 23.60% for antisolvent-free processed small- (0.14 cm²) and large-size (1.04 cm²) devices and mini-modules (13.44 cm²), respectively. This passivation strategy is compatible with printing technology, enabling champion aperture-area efficiencies of 18.90% and 17.59% for fully slot-die printed large solar modules with areas of 310 cm² and 802 cm², respectively, demonstrating the feasibility of the upscaling manufacturing.

基于相纯二维 （2D） 钙钛矿形成均匀钝化层对于钙钛矿太阳能电池来说是一个挑战，尤其是在将器件放大为模块时。在这里，我们揭示了在三维钙钛矿顶部生长的 2D 钙钛矿的链长依赖性和卤化物相关相分离问题。我们证明，在长链 （ >10） 烷胺配体盐中用溴化甲脒处理钙钛矿层后，可以形成均匀的 2D 钙钛矿钝化层。对于无溶剂加工的小尺寸 （0.14 cm²） 和大尺寸 （1.04 cm²） 器件和微型模块 （13.44 cm²），我们分别实现了 25.61%、24.62% 和 23.60% 的冠军有效面积效率。这种钝化策略与印刷技术兼容，使面积分别为 310 cm² 和 802 cm² 的全狭缝芯片打印大型太阳能组件的冠军孔径面积效率达到 18.90% 和 17.59%，证明了放大制造的可行性。