Measures of parasympathetic regulation, such as respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA), predict executive function outcomes, including inhibitory control, across childhood. Respiratory sinus arrhythmia augmentation tends to be associated with more maladaptive outcomes, compared to RSA suppression, but the literature regarding RSA profiles and inhibitory control development across infancy and early childhood is contradictory. The goal of our current study was to examine the longitudinal and interactive effects of infant RSA during a frustrating task with negative maternal characteristics on inhibitory control during early childhood. Participants included 410 children (209 girls, 77.6% White, 92.9% non‐Hispanic) and their mothers. With small to moderate effect sizes (r2 range from 0.124 to 0.143), we demonstrated that maternal negative affect when children were 36 months old moderated the association between 10‐month‐old RSA during a frustrating task and 48‐month‐old inhibitory control, such that RSA suppression predicted higher levels of inhibitory control, but only when mothers exhibited high levels of negative affect. Our results highlight the biosocial framework under which child inhibitory control develops.

中文翻译：

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副交感神经调节和母体养育是学龄前儿童抑制控制的纵向预测因子


副交感神经调节的测量，例如呼吸性窦性心律失常 （RSA），可预测整个儿童期的执行功能结果，包括抑制控制。与 RSA 抑制相比，呼吸窦性心律失常加重往往与更多的适应不良结局相关，但关于 RSA 概况和婴儿和幼儿期抑制控制发展的文献是矛盾的。我们当前研究的目的是检查婴儿 RSA 在具有负面母体特征的令人沮丧的任务中对儿童早期抑制控制的纵向和交互影响。参与者包括 410 名儿童（209 名女孩，77.6% 的白人，92.9% 的非西班牙裔）和他们的母亲。在小到中等效应量 （r2 范围从 0.124 到 0.143） 的情况下，我们证明儿童 36 个月大时的母亲负面影响调节了 10 个月大的 RSA 在令人沮丧的任务中与 48 个月大的抑制控制之间的关联，因此 RSA 抑制预示着更高水平的抑制控制，但前提是母亲表现出高水平的负面影响。我们的结果突出了儿童抑制控制发展的生物社会框架。