Over the years, thousands of climate change adaptation projects have been implemented globally. While there has been substantial scholarship on the extent and nature of adaptation efforts, fewer studies have examined why and how adaptation projects are being resisted. An analysis of resistance to adaptation offers critical insights to scholars and practitioners by recognizing the contentious nature of adaptation pathways and highlighting alternative visions for adaptation. Drawing on 20 case studies identified through a systematic review of the literature, we identify nine insights for research and practice. First, there is little literature on resistance to adaptation, suggesting that it is being underreported. Second, resistance to adaptation is not an anomaly, spanning sectors, actors, and geographies. Third, resistance to adaptation initiatives often has little to do with climate change skepticism. Fourth, the modes and outcomes of resistance are creative and diverse. Fifth, the state plays a critical, but not uniform, role in adaptation and thus resistance. Sixth, formal participation mechanisms can accommodate, neutralize, or facilitate resistance to adaptation. Seventh, the diverse goals of resistance reflect the multiplicity of imagined adaptation futures. Eighth, resistance is generative of material outcomes and novel subjectivities. Ninth, resistance can be costly, fracturing, and ineffective. This review highlights the need to further investigate resistance to climate change adaptation, which should be seen as a site of political struggle between different conceptions of what adaptation is and should be. It also provides insights for identifying maladaptation and pathways toward more emancipative forms of adaptation.

中文翻译：

---

抵抗的承诺：气候变化适应研究和实践的新视角


多年来，全球已经实施了数千个气候变化适应项目。虽然关于适应努力的范围和性质有大量的学术研究，但很少有研究研究适应项目为什么以及如何受到抵制。对适应阻力的分析通过认识到适应途径的争议性质并强调适应的替代愿景，为学者和从业者提供了重要的见解。借鉴通过对文献进行系统回顾确定的 20 个案例研究，我们确定了研究和实践的 9 个见解。首先，关于适应抵抗的文献很少，这表明它被低估了。其次，对适应的抵制并不是一个异常现象，它跨越了各个部门、参与者和地域。第三，对适应倡议的抵制往往与气候变化怀疑论无关。第四，抵抗的模式和结果是创造性的和多样化的。第五，国家在适应和抵抗方面发挥着关键但并非一致的作用。第六，正式的参与机制可以容纳、中和或促进对适应的抵抗。第七，抵抗的不同目标反映了想象中的适应未来的多样性。第八，抵抗是由物质结果和新的主体性产生的。第九，抵抗可能是昂贵的、破裂的和无效的。这篇评论强调了进一步调查对气候变化适应的抵抗力的必要性，这应该被视为关于适应是什么和应该是什么的不同概念之间的政治斗争的场所。它还为识别适应不良和走向更解放的适应形式的途径提供了见解。