Experiments were conducted to determine the effects of a triple-action fungicide on bees and whether improved nutrition can ameliorate eventual negative impacts. In cage tests, newly-emerged bees from well fed and from nutritionally-restricted honey bee colonies were fed for five days with pollen from sunflowers that had been sprayed or not with a commercial fungicide containing bixafen, prothioconazole and trifloxystrobin. Bees from well-fed colonies were significantly larger and consumed more uncontaminated pollen. They also exhibited increased glutathione peroxidase activity and higher concentrations of pyridine nucleotides, both of which are involved in antioxidase defense. However, pollen contaminated with fungicide led to an increase in lipoperoxidation, regardless of nutritional status. Bee longevity was reduced by both fungicide contamination of the pollen diet and poor nutritional condition. The fungicide adversely affected bees fed with contaminated pollen, though nutritional supplementation of the bee colonies that reared the bees partially compensated for these effects.

中文翻译：

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被三效杀菌剂污染的花粉会诱导氧化应激并缩短寿命，但对喂养良好的蜂群的蜜蜂寿命的影响较小


进行了实验以确定三效杀菌剂对蜜蜂的影响，以及改善营养是否可以减轻最终的负面影响。在笼子测试中，从喂养良好和营养受限的蜜蜂群中新出现的蜜蜂用向日葵的花粉喂养五天，这些花粉已经喷洒了或没有喷洒了含有比沙芬、丙硫菌唑和三氟菌酯的商业杀菌剂。来自喂养良好的蜂群的蜜蜂明显更大，消耗更多未受污染的花粉。它们还表现出谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活性增加和吡啶核苷酸浓度升高，这两者都参与抗氧化酶防御。然而，无论营养状况如何，被杀菌剂污染的花粉都会导致脂质过氧化的增加。花粉饮食中的杀菌剂污染和营养状况不佳都缩短了蜜蜂的寿命。杀菌剂对喂食受污染花粉的蜜蜂产生了不利影响，尽管饲养蜜蜂的蜂群的营养补充部分补偿了这些影响。