Academic norms include: preservation of academic autonomy; integrity in academic practices; a priori formulation of hypotheses and publication of protocols; the use of appropriate methods by which evidence is obtained; the use of appropriate methods for interpreting the accumulated knowledge so obtained; the need to take heed of the possible consequences, both intended and unintended, of research; the use of comprehensible language in describing outcomes and their interpretation; universalism; communality; disinterestedness; organised skepticism, but limited to one's own sphere of academic interest; appropriate curiosity; avoidance of inappropriate enthusiasm; and respect for the work of others. Violation of all of these is possible, and different types of violations are known by different terms: “research misconduct” refers to three major violations, fabrication, falsification, and plagiarism; I prefer to call these collectively by the legal term “felonies,” emphasising their gravity and importance. Other violations are known as “questionable research practices,” which I prefer to call by the stronger term “misdemeanours,” again emphasising their importance, although they are less grave than felonies. Interest in detecting, reporting, and discussing these violations has increased markedly since 1990, but I have found only two systematic reviews, one of which, disappointingly, but perhaps not unexpectedly, shows that there is little useful evidence on the subject, and a second, which shows that the likely prevalences of both types, felonies and misdemeanours, are higher than one would want, although probably estimated at lower than they truly are. The definition of a “norm” in the Oxford English Dictionary ( OED ) relevant to academic practice is “A standard or pattern of social behaviour that is accepted in or expected of a group.”1 In this case the group is the amorphous collection of academics, in whatever discipline they are involved. The relevant definition of an academic is “a member of a university or …

中文翻译：

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当我使用一个词时......学术诚信 - 重罪和轻罪


学术规范包括：维护学术自主权;学术实践中的诚信;假设的先验制定和协议的发布;使用适当的方法获取证据;使用适当的方法来解释所获得的积累的知识;需要注意研究可能产生的有意和无意的后果;在描述结果及其解释时使用可理解的语言;普遍性;社区性;无私;有组织的怀疑，但仅限于自己的学术兴趣领域;适当的好奇心;避免不适当的热情;以及尊重他人的工作。违反所有这些行为都是可能的，不同类型的违规行为有不同的术语：“研究不端”是指三种主要违规行为，捏造、伪造和抄袭;我更喜欢用法律术语“重罪”来统称这些，以强调它们的严重性和重要性。其他违规行为被称为“可疑的研究实践”，我更喜欢用更强的术语“轻罪”来称呼它，再次强调了它们的重要性，尽管它们没有重罪那么严重。自 1990 年以来，人们对发现、报告和讨论这些违规行为的兴趣显着增加，但我只发现了两篇系统评价，其中一篇令人失望，但也许并不出乎意料，表明关于该主题的有用证据很少，第二篇表明重罪和轻罪这两种类型的可能流行率高于人们想要的， 尽管估计的可能低于他们的实际水平。 在牛津英语词典 （OED） 中，与学术实践相关的“规范”的定义是“一个群体接受或期望的社会行为的标准或模式”。1 在这种情况下，这个群体是学者的无定形集合，无论他们涉及什么学科。学者的相关定义是“大学的成员或......