Research interest in the diversity and evolutionary history of herring-like fossils (subcohort Clupei) has increased in recent decades. However, little is known about the relationships between fossils assigned to Clupei, particularly those that are demonstrably related to extant herring-like members of the order Clupeiformes. To help bridge this gap, we present a new morphological phylogeny that includes representatives of all major clupeiform lineages. The data matrix consists of 192 characters, drawn from 79 extant and 37 fossil taxa and selected to be readily identifiable in fossils. Most clupeiform families are recovered as monophyletic, and their interrelationships are generally compatible with previous morphological hypotheses. The phylogenetic positions of six fossil clupeiform taxa are resolved, as the results of all analyses (unconstrained/constrained parsimony and Bayesian inference) are consistent. Twenty-one fossil taxa are incertae sedis, including two species of Ellimmichtyiformes, which are recovered as Clupeoidei in the parsimony analyses. The relationships of the rest of the fossils are interpreted with varying degrees of certainty. The evolution of key morphological characters is discussed in light of the new results, and four fossil taxa are proposed as calibration points for future dating studies.

中文翻译：

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揭示鲱鱼状化石之间的关系 （Clupei： Teleostei）：系统发育分析


近几十年来，人们对鲱鱼状化石（Clupei 亚群）的多样性和进化历史的研究兴趣有所增加。然而，人们对归类为 Clupei 的化石之间的关系知之甚少，尤其是那些明显与 Clupeiformes 目现存的鲱鱼状成员有关的化石。为了帮助弥合这一差距，我们提出了一种新的形态学系统发育，其中包括所有主要 clupeiform 谱系的代表。该数据矩阵由 192 个字符组成，这些字符来自 79 个现存的分类群和 37 个化石分类群，并被选中在化石中易于识别。大多数 clupeiform 科被恢复为单系，它们的相互关系通常与以前的形态学假设相容。六个化石 clupeiform 分类群的系统发育位置得到解决，因为所有分析的结果（不受约束/约束的精简和贝叶斯推理）都是一致的。21 个化石类群是 incertae sedis，包括两个 Ellimmichtyiformes 物种，它们在 parsimony 分析中被发现为 Clupeoidei。其余化石的关系以不同程度的确定性进行了解释。根据新结果讨论了关键形态特征的进化，并提出了四个化石分类群作为未来测年研究的校准点。