Biomass offers a promising alternative for producing biofuels and chemicals through hydrothermal liquefaction, a process known for its ability to convert complex organic materials into valuable liquid products. Optimizing hydrothermal liquefaction for large-scale application involves understanding the underlying mechanisms and addressing key scientific and technical issues. We review hydrothermal liquefaction of biomass-derived chemicals, focusing on the breakdown and depolymerization of cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, lipids, and proteins under hydrothermal conditions. We examine critical parameters such as reaction temperature, pressure, solvent selection, and catalyst choice, and their impact on product yield and quality. Catalytic routes transform key intermediates, such as 5-hydroxymethylfurfural and levulinic acid, into high-value liquid fuels and chemicals, offering significant potential for sustainable fuel production. Recent advances in process optimization are discussed.

生物质为通过水热液化生产生物燃料和化学品提供了一种很有前途的替代方案，水热液化是一种将复杂的有机材料转化为有价值的液体产品的能力而闻名。优化水热液化以进行大规模应用涉及了解潜在机制和解决关键的科学和技术问题。我们回顾了生物质衍生化学品的水热液化，重点介绍了水热条件下纤维素、半纤维素、木质素、脂质和蛋白质的分解和解聚。我们研究了反应温度、压力、溶剂选择和催化剂选择等关键参数，以及它们对产品产量和质量的影响。催化途径将关键中间体（如 5-羟甲基糠醛和乙酰丙酸）转化为高价值的液体燃料和化学品，为可持续燃料生产提供了巨大的潜力。讨论了工艺优化的最新进展。