The primary objective of this study was to develop cement composites with the ability to photocatalytically degrade contaminants and exhibit antimicrobial properties. To achieve this, titanium(IV) oxide was modified with carbon to create a photocatalyst active under both UV and visible light. The modified TiO2 was then combined with kraft lignin, a byproduct of paper production, resulting in functional inorganic-organic hybrid systems. These hybrid materials were characterized using various research methods, including scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA/DTG), low-temperature nitrogen sorption, and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The photocatalytic activity of these materials was evaluated under UV and visible light. The pristine components and resulting hybrid systems were incorporated into cement composites as admixtures in the amount of 1.0 wt% relative to the cement weight. The performance of both fresh and cured cement mortar was assessed, focusing on workability, compressive and flexural strength after 3 and 28 days of hydration. The compressive strength after 28 days in the case of the most favorable cement mortars improves from 54.7 MPa, as obtained for the reference sample, to values exceeding 60.0 MPa. It was established that the presence of lignin in the hybrid material introduced into the cement mortar contributes to an improvement in workability, ranging from 10 to 15 mm. Additional evaluations included pore structure parameters using mercury intrusion porosimetry, microstructural properties, photocatalytic activity as well as antimicrobial efficacy. The results indicated that the newly developed carbon-TiO2/kraft lignin hybrid systems can be effectively utilized as functional admixtures in cement composites, enhancing their photocatalytic and antimicrobial properties.

中文翻译：

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揭示碳-TiO2/木质素杂化外加剂在可持续水泥复合材料中的光催化和抗菌性能


本研究的主要目的是开发具有光催化降解污染物并表现出抗菌性能的水泥复合材料。为了实现这一目标，用碳对氧化钛 （IV） 进行改性，以产生在紫外线和可见光下均具有活性的光催化剂。然后将改性的 TiO2 与造纸的副产品牛皮纸木质素结合，产生功能性无机-有机杂化系统。使用各种研究方法对这些杂化材料进行了表征，包括扫描电子显微镜 （SEM）、傅里叶变换红外光谱 （FTIR）、热重分析 （TGA/DTG）、低温氮气吸附和 X 射线衍射 （XRD）。在紫外光和可见光下评估这些材料的光催化活性。原始组分和由此产生的混合系统作为外加剂掺入水泥复合材料中，其用量为相对于水泥重量的 1.0 wt%。评估了新鲜水泥砂浆和固化水泥砂浆的性能，重点关注水化 3 天和 28 天后的和易性、抗压和弯曲强度。在最有利的水泥砂浆的情况下，28 天后的抗压强度从参考样品获得的 54.7 MPa 提高到超过 60.0 MPa 的值。已经确定，引入水泥砂浆的混合材料中存在木质素有助于改善 10 至 15 毫米的可加工性。其他评估包括使用汞侵入孔隙度测定法的孔隙结构参数、微观结构特性、光催化活性以及抗菌功效。 结果表明，新开发的碳-TiO2/牛皮木质素杂化系统可以有效地用作水泥复合材料中的功能外加剂，增强其光催化和抗菌性能。