Malnutrition is the most common acquired cause of immunodeficiency worldwide. Nutritional deficiencies can blunt both the innate and adaptive immune response to pathogens. Furthermore, malnutrition is both a cause and consequence of infectious diseases. The bidirectional relationship between infectious diseases and undernutrition, as well as the inflammatory milieu of infectious diseases, can complicate nutritional assessment. This article aims to provide clinicians and researchers with an overview of commonly used tools to assess nutritional status, with a particular emphasis on their use in the context of infectious diseases. This includes anthropometric, biochemical, clinical/physical, and dietary assessments to screen and evaluate undernutrition, diet quality, and food insecurity effectively.

中文翻译：

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传染病研究中营养评估的 ABCD


营养不良是全世界免疫缺陷最常见的获得性原因。营养缺乏会减弱对病原体的先天性和适应性免疫反应。此外，营养不良既是传染病的原因，也是传染病的结果。传染病和营养不良之间的双向关系，以及传染病的炎症环境，会使营养评估复杂化。本文旨在为临床医生和研究人员提供评估营养状况的常用工具的概述，特别强调它们在传染病背景下的使用。这包括人体测量学、生化、临床/物理和饮食评估，以有效地筛查和评估营养不良、饮食质量和粮食不安全。