Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is extensively cultivated in South Asia mostly under puddled transplanted conditions which are highly energy and water-intensive with low income and degraded soil properties. Off-late, alternative crop establishment practices such as direct seeded rice, system of rice intensification, and zero-till rice have gained importance as viable options for resilient farming. However, the valuation of these different rice systems in terms of ecosystem services is not systematically carried out. The research objective was to evaluate the ecosystem services of different rice establishment systems to determine their potential and importance as ecological assets and strive to find out the most productive establishment method while minimizing its effects on the natural resources, environment, and human health. A novel valuation approach was developed using an experimental and bottom-up method to assess the value of rice systems based on three aspects: provisioning, regulation and maintenance, and cultural services. To evaluate the ecosystem services of different rice establishment methods, 11 indicators were selected. The seven rice establishment methods evaluated were random-puddled transplanted rice, line- puddled transplanted rice, conventional till-machine transplanted rice, zero till-machine transplanted rice, system of rice intensification, conventional till, and zero till- direct seeded rice. The results revealed that the value of rice ecosystem services across establishment practices averaged US$ 9092 ha^-1 yr^-1. Direct seeded rice (zero till/conventional till) provided the highest ecosystem services at US$ 9491 ha^-1year^-1 and random puddled transplanted rice was lowest at US$ 8767 ha^-1 year^-1. Provisioning, regulation-maintenance, and cultural ecosystem services contributed 20.3,79.4, and 0.3% to the total ecosystem services value. The research emphasizes the favorable environmental attributes of direct seeded rice, which may be integrated into the policy framework for better decision making to guarantee the sustainability of the agri-food system in the mid-Indo-Gangetic regions.

水稻 （Oryza sativa L.） 在南亚广泛种植，主要是在水坑移栽条件下种植，这些条件是高能量和水密集型的，收入低，土壤特性退化。非后期替代作物种植实践，如直接播种稻、水稻集约化系统和免耕稻，作为弹性农业的可行选择而获得重要性。然而，这些不同的稻米系统在生态系统服务方面的估值并没有系统地进行。研究目标是评估不同水稻建立系统的生态系统服务，以确定它们作为生态资产的潜力和重要性，并努力找出最有效的建立方法，同时最大限度地减少其对自然资源、环境和人类健康的影响。使用实验性和自下而上的方法开发了一种新的估值方法，根据三个方面评估水稻系统的价值：供应、调节和维护以及文化服务。为评价不同水稻建立方式的生态系统服务，选取了 11 个指标。评价的 7 种水稻建立方法是随机水坑移栽水稻、线水坑移栽水稻、常规耕作机插秧稻、零耕机插秧稻、水稻集约化系统、常规耕作和零耕直接播种稻。结果显示，不同建立实践的水稻生态系统服务价值平均为 9092 美元 ^{ha-1 yr-1}。 直播稻（零耕/传统耕作）提供的生态系统服务最高，为 9491 公顷^-1年^-1 美元，随机水坑移栽稻最低，为 8767 美元-¹ 年-¹ 年。供应、监管维护和文化生态系统服务贡献了 20.3,79.4 和 0.3% 的生态系统服务总价值。该研究强调了直接播种稻的良好环境属性，这些属性可以纳入政策框架，以便更好地做出决策，以保证印支恒河中部地区农业粮食体系的可持续性。