This study proposes to combine plant-derived galactomannan and MXene to form an organic-inorganic hydrogel network with integrative antibacterial and osteogenic properties. Oxidized galactomannan (OxGa) was blended with N-succinyl chitosan (NSC) and varying concentrations of Mxene, owing to its high reactivity and biocompatibility. The results indicated that Mxene-loaded OxGa/NSC scaffolds exhibited biomimetic topography, adequate mechanical features and excellent physicochemical properties with strong antibacterial properties against pathogenic microbes. The cell culture experiments showed dose-dependent cytotoxic behaviour. An optimized MXene content of ≤4 mg/ml revealed no cytotoxicity and augmented the proliferation of osteoblast cells. Similar results were obtained in gene expression analysis where ALP, COL1A1, RUNX2, and SOX2 genes showed up-regulation. In addition, the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay also illustrated augmentation of angiogenesis without any toxicity. The overall results highlight the dual performance of OxGa/NSC-MXene scaffolds to exhibit anti-infection with simultaneous osteogenic properties, which is purely determined by the concentration of MXene. Therefore, regulating MXene concentration can serve as a chemical switch in imparting adequate antibacterial functions with the ability to allow new osseous generation. Our findings on the newly designed Mxene-loaded OxGa/NSC scaffolds can be a promising biomaterial for bone-related infections with a concurrent ability to promote osteogenesis.

中文翻译：

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植物来源的半乳甘露聚糖和 MXene 的协同整合生产具有抗菌和成骨特性的多功能纳米复合材料


本研究提出将植物来源的半乳甘露聚糖和 MXene 相结合，形成具有综合抗菌和成骨特性的有机-无机水凝胶网络。由于其高反应性和生物相容性，氧化半乳甘露聚糖 （OxGa） 与 N-琥珀酰壳聚糖 （NSC） 和不同浓度的 Mxene 混合。结果表明，负载 Mxene 的 OxGa/NSC 支架表现出仿生地形、足够的力学特性和优异的物理化学性能，对病原微生物具有很强的抗菌性能。细胞培养实验显示剂量依赖性细胞毒性行为。优化的 MXene 含量为 ≤4 mg/ml，无细胞毒性，并增加了成骨细胞的增殖。在基因表达分析中也获得了类似的结果，其中 ALP 、 COL1A1 、 RUNX2 和 SOX2 基因表现出上调。此外，绒毛膜尿囊膜 （CAM） 测定还表明血管生成增加而没有任何毒性。总体结果突出了 OxGa/NSC-MXene 支架的双重性能，即表现出抗感染和同时成骨特性，这完全由 MXene 的浓度决定。因此，调节 MXene 浓度可以作为化学开关，赋予足够的抗菌功能，并能够允许新的骨生成。我们对新设计的 Mxene 负载 OxGa/NSC 支架的研究结果可以成为一种很有前途的骨相关感染生物材料，同时具有促进成骨的能力。