Low surface electric potential (<1V) limits the large-scale commercial application of ferroelectric antibacterial ceramics. We propose a strategy based on charge-balancing doping to enhance polarization and potential in NaNbO3(NN)-based ceramics for disinfection application. The Mg2+ modified NN showed a superior bactericidal effect greater than 80 % for 1.5 h and 99.8 % for 3 h without heating or ultrasonication, which is superior to other published works. This is mainly due to its excellent surface electric potential of 1.72 V and defect-related discharge current of 141.9 pA compared to NN and Ca2+ modified NN. Ferroelectric properties demonstrated that NN-Mg possesses a lower EC of ∼40 kV/cm and a higher Pr of ∼32 μC/cm2. Furthermore, the combination of XRD, Raman shift, PFM, and permittivity testing suggests that the smaller domain and enhanced ferroelectric properties in NN-Mg originated from amphoteric doping. Finally, simulation results of the electric field distribution indicated that NN-Mg had a stronger attraction or repulsion to bacteria with negatively charged surfaces.

中文翻译：

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新型 NaNbO3 基铁电陶瓷，具有优异的极化和电位，适用于抗菌应用


低表面电势 （<1V） 限制了铁电抗菌陶瓷的大规模商业应用。我们提出了一种基于电荷平衡掺杂的策略，以增强 NaNbO3 （NN） 基陶瓷的极化和消毒应用的潜力。Mg2 + 修饰的 NN 在未加热或超声处理的情况下，在 1.5 h 内表现出优于 80% 的杀菌效果，在 3 h 内表现出 99.8% 以上的杀菌效果，优于其他已发表的作品。这主要是由于与 NN 和 Ca2+ 改性的 NN 相比，其出色的 1.72 V 表面电势和 141.9 pA 的缺陷相关放电电流。铁电性能表明，NN-Mg 具有 ∼40 kV/cm 的较低 EC 和 ∼32 μC/cm2 的较高 Pr。此外，XRD、拉曼位移、PFM 和介电常数测试的组合表明，NN-Mg 中更小的畴和增强的铁电性能源于两性掺杂。最后，电场分布的模拟结果表明，NN-Mg 对表面带负电的细菌具有更强的吸引力或排斥力。