Single-layer internal shorting in a multilayer battery is widely considered among the “worst-case” failure scenarios leading to thermal runaway and fires. We report a highly reproducible method to quantify the onset of fire/smoke during internal short circuiting (ISC) of lithium-ion batteries (LiBs) and anode-free batteries. We unveil that lithium metal batteries (LMBs) with or without liquid electrolytes are more dangerous than LiBs upon internal shorting, igniting fires within a time scale of 1–3 s followed by similar or larger combustion heat release. This implies that all solid state batteries (ASSBs) with lithium anodes will have safety concerns, and much research is needed to scrutinize ASSB safety. Also, there exists a threshold in the shorting current to trigger a fire in LMBs, and its precise control is key to reproducing ISC behaviors. Finally, we unravel the profound role of oxygen in fire/smoke formation and present new suggestions for developing safe ASSBs.

中文翻译：

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内部短路中锂电池火灾的量化


多层电池中的单层内部短路被广泛认为是导致热失控和火灾的“最坏情况”故障场景之一。我们报道了一种高度可重现的方法来量化锂离子电池 （LiB） 和无阳极电池内部短路 （ISC） 期间火灾/烟雾的发生。我们揭示了在内部短路时，带或不带液体电解质的锂金属电池 （LMB） 比 LiB 更危险，在 1-3 秒的时间范围内点燃火灾，然后是类似或更大的燃烧热释放。这意味着所有带有锂阳极的固态电池 （ASSB） 都会存在安全问题，需要大量研究来审查 ASSB 的安全性。此外，短路电流中存在触发 LMB 中火灾的阈值，其精确控制是重现 ISC 行为的关键。最后，我们揭示了氧气在火/烟形成中的深远作用，并为开发安全的 ASSB 提出了新的建议。