Glaciers are retreating worldwide at an ever‐increasing rate, exposing new ice‐free areas to ecological succession. This process leads to changes in biodiversity and potentially to novel species interactions. However, we still have a limited understanding of how glacier retreat influences species interaction networks, particularly the structure and robustness of mutualistic networks. After reconstructing plant–pollinator networks along a 140‐years chronosequence on a glacier foreland, we address the effects of glacier retreat on network structure and robustness. Our results show that the prevalence of different network motifs changes over spacetime, leading to a decrease of network robustness. With glacier retreat, mutualistic networks shift from highly connected with diverse specialist interactions to loosely connected with few generalist interactions. Furthermore, despite the turnover of plant species, we find that species structural roles remain constant over spacetime while depending on species identity. Our findings suggest that glacier retreat reshuffles mutualistic networks with motifs posing low robustness, leading to increased fragility. Understanding the assembly and breaking down of species interaction networks provides novel insights into the development and stability of novel, post‐glacial ecological systems facing glacier extinction.

中文翻译：

---

冰川退缩降低了时空上的共生网络稳健性


全球冰川正在以越来越快的速度退缩，使新的无冰地区面临生态演替。这个过程会导致生物多样性的变化，并可能导致新的物种相互作用。然而，我们对冰川退缩如何影响物种相互作用网络，特别是共生网络的结构和稳健性，仍然了解有限。在冰川前陆沿 140 年的时间序列重建植物-传粉媒介网络后，我们解决了冰川退缩对网络结构和稳健性的影响。我们的结果表明，不同网络模体的普遍性随时空变化，导致网络稳健性降低。随着冰川消退，共生网络从与各种专业互动的高度连接转变为松散连接，几乎没有通才互动。此外，尽管植物物种更替，但我们发现物种结构作用在时空中保持不变，同时取决于物种身份。我们的研究结果表明，冰川退缩重新洗牌了共生网络，其基序的稳健性较低，导致脆弱性增加。了解物种相互作用网络的组装和分解为面临冰川灭绝的新型冰川后生态系统的发展和稳定性提供了新的见解。