Postbiotics, defined as products or metabolic byproducts secreted by live bacteria or released after bacterial lysis, are emerging as promising therapeutic agents for metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD). This review explores the antiinflammatory and immunomodulatory properties of various postbiotics, including exopolysaccharides, lipoteichoic acid, short-chain fatty acids, hydrogen sulfide, polyamines, tryptophan derivatives, and polyphenol metabolites. These compounds have demonstrated potential in mitigating steatotic liver infiltration, reducing inflammation, and slowing fibrosis progression in preclinical studies. Notably, postbiotics exert their beneficial effects by modulating gut microbiota composition, enhancing intestinal barrier function, optimizing lipid metabolism, reducing hepatic inflammation and steatosis, and exhibiting hepatoprotective properties. However, translating these findings into clinical practice requires well-designed trials to validate efficacy and safety, standardize production and characterization, and explore personalized approaches and synergistic effects with other therapeutic modalities. Despite challenges, the unique biological properties of postbiotics, such as enhanced safety compared to probiotics, make them attractive candidates for developing novel nutritional interventions targeting the multifactorial pathogenesis of MASLD. Further research is needed to establish their clinical utility and potential to improve liver and systemic outcomes in this increasingly prevalent condition.

中文翻译：

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后生元作为代谢功能障碍相关脂肪性肝病中的抗炎和免疫调节生物活性化合物


后生元，定义为活细菌分泌或细菌裂解后释放的产物或代谢副产物，正在成为代谢功能障碍相关脂肪性肝病 （MASLD） 的有前途的治疗剂。本文探讨了各种后生元的抗炎和免疫调节特性，包括胞外多糖、脂磷壁酸、短链脂肪酸、硫化氢、多胺、色氨酸衍生物和多酚代谢物。这些化合物在临床前研究中已显示出减轻脂肪性肝脏浸润、减少炎症和减缓纤维化进展的潜力。值得注意的是，后生元通过调节肠道微生物群组成、增强肠道屏障功能、优化脂质代谢、减少肝脏炎症和脂肪变性以及表现出保肝特性来发挥其有益作用。然而，将这些发现转化为临床实践需要精心设计的试验来验证疗效和安全性，标准化生产和表征，并探索个性化方法和与其他治疗方式的协同效应。尽管存在挑战，但后生元独特的生物学特性，例如与益生菌相比安全性更高，使其成为开发针对 MASLD 多因素发病机制的新型营养干预措施的有吸引力的候选者。需要进一步的研究来确定它们的临床效用和潜力，以改善这种日益普遍的疾病中的肝脏和全身结局。