The sex of people living with HIV-1 infection, schistosome infection, or both, is a fundamental determinant of their clinical outcomes and of how these two infections interact in the host. Data from longitudinal and cross-sectional human studies and animal models indicate that males with HIV-1 and schistosome co-infection excrete fewer schistosome eggs and might have higher HIV-1 RNA viral loads and greater liver damage. Females with schistosome infection appear to have higher risk of HIV-1 acquisition than females without, particularly in Schistosoma haematobium infection, and a greater risk of death in HIV-1 and schistosome co-infection. Greater transmission of HIV-1 to partners has been shown in both sexes in those with schistosome infection. Biological sex is a consequential factor affecting pathophysiological and clinical responses in HIV-1 and schistosome co-infection. Designing future analyses to incorporate sex is vital to optimise research and care for people living with HIV-1, schistosomes, and HIV-1 and schistosome co-infection.

中文翻译：

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性别是 HIV-1 和血吸虫合并感染的生物变量。


HIV-1 感染、血吸虫感染或两者兼而有之的人的性别是他们临床结果以及这两种感染如何在宿主中相互作用的基本决定因素。来自纵向和横断面人体研究以及动物模型的数据表明，HIV-1 和血吸虫合并感染的雄性排泄的血吸虫卵较少，并且可能具有更高的 HIV-1 RNA 病毒载量和更大的肝损伤。患有血吸虫感染的女性似乎比没有感染血吸虫的女性感染 HIV-1 的风险更高，尤其是在埃及血吸虫感染中，并且在 HIV-1 和血吸虫混合感染中死亡的风险更高。在血吸虫感染者中，HIV-1 向伴侣的传播在两性中都更大。生物性别是影响 HIV-1 和血吸虫合并感染的病理生理学和临床反应的重要因素。设计未来的分析以纳入性别对于优化 HIV-1、血吸虫以及 HIV-1 和血吸虫合并感染者的研究和护理至关重要。