Electrochemistry plays a pivotal role in a vast number of domains spanning from sensing and manufacturing to energy storage, environmental conservation, and healthcare. Electrochemical applications encompassing gaseous or organic substrates encounter shortcomings ascribed to high mass transfer/internal resistances and low solubility in aqueous electrolytes, resulting in high overpotentials. In practice, strong acids and expensive organic electrolytes are required to promote charge transfer in electrochemical cells, resulting in a high carbon footprint. Liquid–liquid (L–L) and gas–liquid (G–L) dispersions involve the dispersion of a nano/micro gas or liquid into a continuous liquid phase such as micelles, (macro)emulsions, microemulsions, and microfoams stabilised by surface-active agents such as surfactants and colloidal particles. These dispersions hold promise in addressing the drawbacks of electrochemical reactions by fostering the interfacial surface area between immiscible reagents and mass transfer of electroactive organic and gas reactants and products from/to the bulk to/from the electrode surface. This tutorial review provides a taxonomy of liquid–liquid and gas–liquid dispersions for applications in electrochemistry, with emphasis on their assets and challenges in industrially relevant reactions for fine chemistry and depollution.

中文翻译：

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电化学中的液-液和气-液分散体：概念、应用和前景


电化学在从传感和制造到储能、环境保护和医疗保健的众多领域中发挥着关键作用。包含气态或有机基材的电化学应用遇到了高传质/内阻和在水性电解质中的低溶解度等缺点，从而导致高过电位。在实践中，需要强酸和昂贵的有机电解质来促进电化学电池中的电荷转移，从而导致高碳足迹。液-液 （L-L） 和气-液 （G-L） 分散体涉及将纳米/微气体或液体分散到连续的液相中，例如胶束、（宏观）乳液、微乳液和微泡沫，这些微乳液由表面活性剂（如表面活性剂和胶体颗粒）稳定。这些分散体通过促进不混溶试剂与电活性有机和气体反应物以及产物从电极表面到本体之间的传质，有望解决电化学反应的缺点。本教学案例回顾提供了电化学应用中的液-液和气-液分散体的分类法，重点介绍了它们在精细化学和去污的工业相关反应中的资产和挑战。