Photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting is a promising green technology for converting solar energy into chemical energy, with great potential for clean energy production. However, developing stable photoanodes remains a significant challenge for large-scale application. Tungsten trioxide (WO₃) is a promising semiconductor due to its suitable bandgap, efficient charge separation, environmental friendliness, and low cost. However, WO₃ is unstable, mainly due to photocorrosion, chemical corrosion, and peroxide accumulation. This review provides a comprehensive summary of various modification strategies for WO₃-based photoanodes, including fundamental modification, doping-induced modification, multilayer structure modification, and external factors modulation. The focus is on assessing the impact of these modification strategies on material stability and evaluating their overall effectiveness. This review aims to provide valuable insights into the design and fabrication of highly stable WO₃ semiconductor materials and explores the future prospects and challenges of their application in PEC water splitting.

中文翻译：

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增强 WO3 光阳极水分解稳定性的策略综述


光电化学 （PEC） 分解水是一种很有前途的绿色技术，可将太阳能转化为化学能，具有巨大的清洁能源生产潜力。然而，开发稳定的光阳极仍然是大规模应用的重大挑战。三氧化钨 （WO₃） 是一种很有前途的半导体，因为它具有合适的带隙、高效的电荷分离、环境友好和低成本。然而，WO₃ 不稳定，主要是由于光腐蚀、化学腐蚀和过氧化物积累。本文全面总结了 WO₃ 基光阳极的各种改性策略，包括基本改性、掺杂诱导改性、多层结构改性和外部因素调制。重点是评估这些改性策略对材料稳定性的影响并评估其整体有效性。本文旨在为高稳定性 WO₃ 半导体材料的设计和制造提供有价值的见解，并探讨其在 PEC 水分解中应用的未来前景和挑战。