Globally, land subsidence (LS) often adversely impacts infrastructure, humans, and the environment. As climate change intensifies the terrestrial hydrologic cycle and severity of climate extremes, the interplay among extremes (e.g., floods, droughts, wildfires, etc.), LS, and their effects must be better understood since LS can alter the impacts of extreme events, and extreme events can drive LS. Furthermore, several processes causing subsidence (e.g., ice-rich permafrost degradation, oxidation of organic matter) have been shown to also release greenhouse gases, accelerating climate change. Our review aims to synthesize these complex relationships, including human activities contributing to LS, and to identify the causes and rates of subsidence across diverse landscapes. We primarily focus on the era of synthetic aperture radar (SAR), which has significantly contributed to advancements in our understanding of ground deformations around the world. Ultimately, we identify gaps and opportunities to aid LS monitoring, mitigation, and adaptation strategies and guide interdisciplinary efforts to further our process-based understanding of subsidence and associated climate feedbacks. We highlight the need to incorporate the interplay of extreme events, LS, and human activities into models, risk and vulnerability assessments, and management practices to develop improved mitigation and adaptation strategies as the global climate warms. Without consideration of such interplay and/or feedback loops, we may underestimate the enhancement of climate change and acceleration of LS across many regions, leaving communities unprepared for their ramifications. Proactive and interdisciplinary efforts should be leveraged to develop strategies and policies that mitigate or reverse anthropogenic LS and climate change impacts.

中文翻译：

---

全球地面沉降：极端气候和人类活动的影响


在全球范围内，地面沉降 （LS） 通常会对基础设施、人类和环境产生不利影响。随着气候变化加剧了陆地水文循环和极端气候事件的严重性，必须更好地了解极端事件（例如洪水、干旱、野火等）、LS 及其影响之间的相互作用，因为 LS 可以改变极端事件的影响，而极端事件可以驱动 LS。此外，导致沉降的几个过程（例如，富含冰的永久冻土降解、有机物的氧化）也被证明会释放温室气体，加速气候变化。我们的综述旨在综合这些复杂的关系，包括导致 LS 的人类活动，并确定不同景观中沉降的原因和速率。我们主要关注合成孔径雷达 （SAR） 时代，它为我们了解世界各地地面变形的进步做出了重大贡献。最终，我们确定了差距和机会，以帮助 LS 监测、缓解和适应策略，并指导跨学科工作，以进一步加深我们对沉降和相关气候反馈的基于过程的理解。我们强调需要将极端事件、LS 和人类活动的相互作用纳入模型、风险和脆弱性评估以及管理实践，以便在全球气候变暖时制定改进的缓解和适应策略。如果不考虑这种相互作用和/或反馈循环，我们可能会低估许多地区气候变化的增强和 LS 的加速，从而使社区对其后果毫无准备。 应利用积极主动的跨学科努力来制定减轻或逆转人为 LS 和气候变化影响的战略和政策。