The three successive coronal mass ejections (CMEs) that erupted from 2023 November 27–28, provide the first opportunity to shed light on the entire process of a shock propagating through, sequentially compressing, and modifying two preceding CMEs using in situ data from Solar Orbiter, Wind, and STEREO-A. We describe the interaction of the three CMEs as follows: CME-1 and CME-2 interacted with each other at distances close to the Sun. Subsequently, the shock (S3) driven by CME-3 caught up with and compressed ICME-2 before 0.83 au, forming a typical shock–ICME interaction event observed by the Solar Orbiter. The S3 continued to propagate, crossing ICME-2 and propagating into ICME-1 as observed by Wind, and completely overtaking both ICME-1 and ICME-2 at STEREO-A. The interaction between S3 and the preceding two ICMEs leads to a clear compression of preceding ICMEs including an increase in magnetic field (∼150%) and a reduction in the interval of ICMEs. It presents direct and compelling evidence that a shock can completely traverse two preceding CMEs, accompanied by a significant decrease in shock strength (magnetic compression ratio decrease from 1.74 to 1.49). Even though the three ICMEs interact significantly in the heliosphere, their magnetic field configurations exhibit coherence at different observation points, especially for ICME-3. Those results highlight the significant implications of shock–CME interactions for CME propagation and space weather forecasting.

中文翻译：

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对两次日冕物质抛射之前穿越激波的直接观测：来自太阳轨道飞行器、风和 STEREO 观测的见解


2023 年 11 月 27 日至 28 日爆发的连续三次日冕物质抛射 （CME） 提供了第一次机会，可以使用来自太阳轨道飞行器、风和 STEREO-A 的原位数据来阐明冲击传播、依次压缩和修改前两个 CME 的整个过程。我们将三个 CME 的相互作用描述如下：CME-1 和 CME-2 在靠近太阳的距离内相互相互作用。随后，由 CME-3 驱动的激波 （S3） 在 0.83 au 之前赶上并压缩了 ICME-2，形成了太阳轨道飞行器观察到的典型激波-ICME 相互作用事件。S3 继续传播，越过 ICME-2 并传播到 Wind观察到的 ICME-1 中，并在 STEREO-A 处完全超过了 ICME-1 和 ICME-2。S3 与前两个 ICME 之间的相互作用导致先前 ICME 的明显压缩，包括磁场增加 （∼150%） 和 ICME 间隔的缩短。它提供了直接且令人信服的证据，表明冲击可以完全穿过前两个 CME，并伴有冲击强度的显着降低（磁压缩比从 1.74 降低到 1.49）。尽管这三种 ICME 在日球层中显着相互作用，但它们的磁场配置在不同的观测点表现出相干性，尤其是对于 ICME-3。这些结果突出了冲击-CME 相互作用对 CME 传播和空间天气预报的重大影响。