Stereotypes are strategically complex. We propose that people hold not just stereotypes about what groups are generally like (e.g., "men are competitive") but stereotypes about how groups behave toward specific groups (e.g., "men are competitive toward")-what we call directed stereotypes. Across studies, we find that perceivers indeed hold directed stereotypes. Four studies examine directed stereotypes of sex and age (Studies 1 and 2; N = 541) and of race/ethnicity (of Asian/Black/Latino/White Americans; Studies 3 and 4; N = 769), with a focus on stereotypes of competitiveness, aggressiveness, cooperativeness, and communion. Across studies, directed stereotypes present unique patterns that both qualify and reverse well-documented stereotype patterns in the literature. For example, men are typically stereotyped as more competitive than women. However, directed stereotypes show that women are stereotyped to be more competitive than men, when this competitiveness is directed toward young women. Multiple such patterns emerge in the current data, across sex, age, and racial/ethnic stereotypes. Directed stereotypes also uniquely predict intergroup attitudes, over and above general stereotypes (Study 4). The idea of directed stereotypes is compatible with multiple theoretical perspectives and intuitive. However, they have been unexamined. We discuss the implications of the current work for thinking about the nature and measurement of social stereotypes, stereotype content, and social perception more broadly. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

中文翻译：

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社会刻板印象的直接性。


刻板印象在战略上是复杂的。我们建议人们不仅对群体的一般情况持有刻板印象（例如，“男性具有竞争力”），而且对群体对特定群体的行为方式持有刻板印象（例如，“男性对特定群体具有竞争力”）——我们称之为定向刻板印象。通过研究，我们发现感知者确实持有定向刻板印象。四项研究考察了性别和年龄的定向刻板印象（研究 1 和 2;N = 541）和种族/族裔（亚裔/黑人/拉丁裔/白人美国人;研究 3 和 4;N = 769），重点关注竞争、侵略性、合作性和共融性的刻板印象。在研究中，定向刻板印象呈现出独特的模式，这些模式既限定又扭转了文献中有据可查的刻板印象模式。例如，男性通常被刻板印象为比女性更具竞争力。然而，定向刻板印象表明，当这种竞争针对年轻女性时，女性被刻板印象为比男性更具竞争力。在当前数据中出现了多种这样的模式，跨越性别、年龄和种族/民族刻板印象。定向刻板印象也独特地预测了群体间的态度，超越了一般的刻板印象（研究 4）。定向刻板印象的思想与多种理论观点兼容且直观。然而，他们尚未被审查。我们讨论了当前工作对更广泛地思考社会刻板印象、刻板印象内容和社会认知的性质和测量的影响。（PsycInfo 数据库记录 （c） 2024 APA，保留所有权利）。