BACKGROUND Emerging literature suggests that fine particulate matter [with aerodynamic diameter ≤2.5μm (PM2.5)] air pollution and its components are linked to various neurodevelopmental outcomes. However, few studies have evaluated how PM2.5 component mixtures from distinct sources relate to cognitive outcomes in children. OBJECTIVES This cross-sectional study investigated how ambient concentrations of PM2.5 component mixtures relate to neurocognitive performance in 9- to 10-year-old children, as well as explored potential source-specific effects of these associations, across the US. METHODS Using spatiotemporal hybrid models, annual concentrations of 15 chemical components of PM2.5 were estimated based on the residential address of child participants from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study. General cognitive ability, executive function, and learning/memory scores were derived from the NIH Toolbox. We applied positive matrix factorization to identify six major PM2.5 sources based on the 15 components, which included crustal, ammonium sulfate, biomass burning, traffic, ammonium nitrate, and industrial/residual fuel burning. We then utilized weighted quantile sum (WQS) and linear regression models to investigate associations between PM2.5 components' mixture, their potential sources, and children's cognitive scores. RESULTS Mixture modeling revealed associations between cumulative exposure and worse cognitive performance across all three outcome domains, including shared overlap in detrimental effects driven by ammonium nitrates, silicon, and calcium. Using the identified six sources of exposure, source-specific negative associations were identified between ammonium nitrates and learning & memory, traffic and executive function, and crustal and industrial mixtures and general cognitive ability. Unexpected positive associations were also seen between traffic and general ability as well as biomass burning and executive function. DISCUSSION This work suggests nuanced associations between outdoor PM2.5 exposure and childhood cognitive performance, including important differences in cognition related both to individual chemicals as well as to specific sources of these exposures. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP14418.

中文翻译：

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细颗粒物成分、其来源与美国 9-10 岁儿童认知结果之间的关联。


背景 新兴文献表明，细颗粒物 [空气动力学直径 ≤2.5μm （PM2.5）] 空气污染及其成分与各种神经发育结果有关。然而，很少有研究评估来自不同来源的 PM2.5 成分混合物与儿童认知结果的关系。目的 这项横断面研究调查了 PM2.5 成分混合物的环境浓度与 9 至 10 岁儿童的神经认知能力的关系，并探讨了这些关联在美国的潜在来源特异性影响。方法 使用时空混合模型，根据青少年脑认知发展 （ABCD） 研究中儿童参与者的居住地址估计 PM2.5 15 种化学成分的年浓度。一般认知能力、执行功能和学习/记忆评分来自 NIH 工具箱。我们应用正矩阵分解法，根据 15 个成分确定了 6 个主要的 PM2.5 来源，包括地壳、硫酸铵、生物质燃烧、交通、硝酸铵和工业/残余燃料燃烧。然后，我们利用加权分位数和 （WQS） 和线性回归模型来研究 PM2.5 成分的混合物、它们的潜在来源和儿童认知分数之间的关联。结果混合物模型揭示了所有三个结果领域累积暴露与较差认知表现之间的关联，包括硝酸铵、硅和钙驱动的有害影响的共同重叠。 使用确定的六个暴露源，确定了硝酸铵与学习与记忆、交通和执行功能、地壳和工业混合物以及一般认知能力之间的特定来源负关联。在交通和一般能力以及生物质燃烧和执行功能之间也观察到意想不到的正关联。讨论 这项工作表明户外 PM2.5 暴露与儿童认知表现之间存在细微的关联，包括与单个化学物质以及这些暴露的特定来源相关的认知重要差异。https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP14418。