Liquid argon detectors are ubiquitous in particle, astroparticle, and applied physics. They reached an unprecedented level of maturity thanks to more than 20 years of research and development and the operation of large-scale facilities at CERN, Fermilab, and the Gran Sasso laboratories. This review discusses such an impressive advance, from the grounding of the experimental technique up to cutting-edge applications. The review commences by describing the physical and chemical properties of liquid argon as an active and target medium for particle detection, together with advantages and limitations compared with other liquefied noble gases. The opportunities and challenges of liquid argon detectors operated as calorimeters, scintillators, and time projection chambers are examined. The core applications of liquid argon detectors at colliders (ATLAS), accelerator neutrino beams (SBN and DUNE), and underground laboratories (DarkSide, DEAP, and ICARUS) for the observation of rare events are then delved into. The review concludes by looking at unconventional developments (pixelization, combined light-charge readout, Xe-doped devices, and all-optical readout) and applications in medical and applied physics to extend this technology’s scope toward novel research fields.

中文翻译：

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液氩探测器的科学与技术


液氩探测器在粒子、天体粒子和应用物理学中无处不在。得益于 20 多年的研发以及 CERN、Fermilab 和 Gran Sasso 实验室大型设施的运行，它们达到了前所未有的成熟水平。这篇综述讨论了这样一个令人印象深刻的进步，从实验技术的基础到尖端应用。综述首先描述了液氩作为颗粒检测的活性和目标介质的物理和化学特性，以及与其他液化惰性气体相比的优势和局限性。研究了用作量热仪、闪烁体和时间投影室的液氩探测器的机遇和挑战。然后深入探讨了液氩探测器在对撞机 （ATLAS）、加速器中微子束 （SBN 和 DUNE） 和地下实验室 （DarkSide、DEAP 和 ICARUS） 中用于观测罕见事件的核心应用。最后，该综述着眼于非常规发展（像素化、组合光电荷读出、掺杂氙器件和全光学读出）以及医学和应用物理学中的应用，以将这项技术的范围扩展到新的研究领域。