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Cyrene™ as a green alternative to N,N′-dimethylformamide (DMF) in the synthesis of MLCT-emissive ruthenium(II) polypyridyl complexes for biological applications
Dalton Transactions ( IF 3.5 ) Pub Date : 2024-10-31 , DOI: 10.1039/d4dt02676d
Steffan D. James, Christopher E. Elgar, Dandan Chen, Matthew I. Lewis, Elias T. L. Ash, Dominic S. Conway, Benjamin J. Tuckley, Leigh E. Phillips, Natália Kolozsvári, Xiaohe Tian, Martin R. Gill

Ruthenium(II) polypyridyl complexes (RPCs) that emit from triplet metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) states find a wide variety of uses ranging from luminophores to potential anti-cancer or anti-bacterial therapeutics. Herein we describe a greener, microwave-assisted synthetic pathway for the preparation of homoleptic [Ru(N^N)3]2+ and bis-heteroleptic [Ru(N^N)2(N'^N')]2+ type complexes. This employs the bio-renewable solvent Cyrene™, dihydrolevoglucosenone, as a green alternative to N,N′-dimethylformamide (DMF) in the synthesis of Ru(N^N)2Cl2 intermediate complexes, obtaining comparable yields for N^N = 2,2′-bipyridine, 1,10-phenanthroline and methylated derivatives. Employing these intermediates, a range of RPCs were prepared and we verify that the ubiquitous luminophore [Ru(bpy)3]2+ (bpy = 2,2′-bipyridine) can be prepared by this two-step green pathway where it is virtually indistinguishable from a commercial reference. Furthermore, the novel complexes [Ru(bpy)2(10,11-dmdppz)]2+ (10,11-dmdppz = 10,11-dimethyl-dipyridophenazine) and [Ru(5,5′-dmbpy)2(10,11-dmdppz)]2+ (5,5′-dmbpy = 5,5′-dimethyl-bpy) intercalate duplex DNA with high affinity (DNA binding constants, Kb = 5.7 × 107 and 1.0 × 107 M−1, respectively) and function as plasma membrane and nuclear DNA dyes for confocal and STED microscopies courtesy of their long-lived MLCT luminescence.

中文翻译:


Cyrene™ 作为 N,N′-二甲基甲酰胺 (DMF) 的绿色替代品,用于合成用于生物应用的 MLCT 发射钌 (II) 聚吡啶基络合物



从三重态金属到配体电荷转移 (MLCT) 状态发射的钌 (II) 聚吡啶配合物 (RPC) 用途广泛,从发光团到潜在的抗癌或抗菌疗法。在本文中,我们描述了一种更绿色的微波辅助合成途径,用于制备同源 [Ru(N^N)3] 2+ 和双异异 [Ru(N^N)2(N'^N')]2+ 型复合物。该方案采用生物可再生溶剂Cyrene™,二氢左旋葡糖苷酮,作为N,N-二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)的绿色替代品,用于合成Ru(N^N)2Cl2中间体复合物,获得N^N = 2,2′-联吡啶、1,10-菲咯啉和甲基化衍生物的相当产量。使用这些中间体,制备了一系列 RPC,我们验证了普遍存在的发光团 [Ru(bpy)3]2+ (bpy = 2,2′-联吡啶) 可以通过这种两步绿色途径制备,其中它与商业参考几乎没有区别。此外,新的复合物 [Ru(bpy)2(10,11-dmdppz)]2+ (10,11-dmdppz = 10,11-二甲基-二嘧吩嗪)和 [Ru(5,5′-dmbpy)2(10,11-dmdppz)]2+ (5,5′-dmbpy = 5,5′-二甲基-bpy) 以高亲和力(DNA 结合常数,Kb = 5.7 × 107 和 1.0 × 107 M-1 嵌入双链体 DNA)并用作共聚焦和 STED 显微镜检查的质膜和核 DNA 染料,这要归功于它们的长寿命 MLCT 发光。
更新日期:2024-11-05
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