DNA computing represents a subfield of molecular computing with the potential to become a significant area of next-generation computation due to the high programmability inherent in the sequence-dependent molecular behaviour of DNA. Recent studies in DNA computing have extended from mathematical informatics to biomedical applications, with a particular focus on diagnostics that exploit the biocompatibility of DNA molecules. The output of DNA computing devices is encoded in nucleic acid molecules, which must then be decoded into human-recognizable signals for practical applications. Nanopore technology, which utilizes an electrical and label-free decoding approach, provides a unique platform to bridge DNA and electronic computing for practical use. In this tutorial review, we summarise the fundamental knowledge, technologies, and methodologies of DNA computing (logic gates, circuits, neural networks, and non-DNA input circuity). We then focus on nanopore-based decoding, and highlight recent advances in medical diagnostics targeting microRNAs as biomarkers. Finally, we conclude with the potential and challenges for the practical implementation of these techniques. We hope that this tutorial will provide a comprehensive insight and enable the general reader to grasp the fundamental principles and diverse applications of DNA computing and nanopore decoding, and will inspire a wide range of scientists to explore and push the boundaries of these technologies.

中文翻译：

---

利用 DNA 计算和纳米孔解码进行实际应用：从信息学到 microRNA 靶向诊断


DNA 计算代表了分子计算的一个子领域，由于 DNA 序列依赖性分子行为固有的高度可编程性，有可能成为下一代计算的重要领域。DNA 计算的最新研究已从数学信息学扩展到生物医学应用，特别关注利用 DNA 分子生物相容性的诊断。DNA 计算设备的输出以核酸分子编码，然后必须将其解码为人类可识别的信号以供实际应用。Nanopore 技术采用电学和无标记解码方法，为实际应用中的 DNA 和电子计算提供了独特的平台。在本教程回顾中，我们总结了 DNA 计算的基础知识、技术和方法（逻辑门、电路、神经网络和非 DNA 输入电路）。然后，我们专注于基于纳米孔的解码，并重点介绍了以 microRNA 作为生物标志物的医学诊断的最新进展。最后，我们总结了这些技术实际实施的潜力和挑战。我们希望本教程能提供一个全面的见解，使普通读者能够掌握 DNA 计算和纳米孔解码的基本原理和各种应用，并激励广大科学家探索和突破这些技术的界限。