Hard carbon materials are considered one of the ideal anode materials for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs). However, the practical application of hard carbon materials is limited by complex microstructures and imprecise preparation techniques. On the one hand, advanced hard carbon materials are widely developed through computational simulations and experimental research. On the other hand, the emerging database of precursors − preparation parameters − microstructures − and electrochemical performance has grown fast as more and more research has been reported. The database is greatly beneficial to reducing the trial-and-error nature of the experiments and verifying the reliability of the computational results. In this review, we summarize the rapid development of high-performance hard carbon materials by combining experimental, computational, and data analysis approaches. Focusing on: 1) summarizing the types of precursors and preparation methods to search the development of highly promising precursors and efficient preparation methods, 2) discussing the evolution rule of microstructure parameters and elucidating the correspondence between microstructures and sodium storage mechanisms, 3) revealing the relationship between microstructure characteristics and electrochemical performance of hard carbon, and 4) summarizing the utility potential of various modification strategies on hard carbon. Finally, we outline the main advances and future perspectives of hard carbon in SIBs.

中文翻译：

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通过结合实验、计算和数据分析方法开发的用于钠离子电池实际应用的先进硬碳材料


硬碳材料被认为是钠离子电池 （SIB） 的理想负极材料之一。然而，硬碳材料的实际应用受到复杂微观结构和不精确的制备技术的限制。一方面，先进的硬碳材料是通过计算模拟和实验研究得到广泛开发的。另一方面，随着越来越多的研究报道，新兴的前驱体 - 制备参数 - 微观结构 - 和电化学性能的数据库迅速增长。该数据库对减少实验的试错性质和验证计算结果的可靠性非常有益。在这篇综述中，我们通过结合实验、计算和数据分析方法总结了高性能硬碳材料的快速发展。重点关注：1） 总结前驱体的类型和制备方法，以寻找极具前景的前驱体和高效制备方法的发展，2） 讨论微观结构参数的演变规律，阐明微观结构与钠储存机制之间的对应关系，3） 揭示硬碳的微观结构特征与电化学性能之间的关系，以及 4） 总结各种硬碳的改性策略。最后，我们概述了 SIB 中硬碳的主要进展和未来前景。