Renewable energy has been extensively developed to curb the greenhouse effect and reduce carbon dioxide emissions. Nevertheless, their applications are greatly limited due to the intermittence and instability nature. Therefore, reasonably store and distribution of new energy have become a widespread concern. Among various energy storage technologies, lithium-ion battery technology has achieved great success, but the scarcity of lithium resources and the use of toxic and flammable organic electrolytes have limited its further development. Oppositely, aqueous zinc ion batteries (AZIBs) have advantages of safety, abundant resources, low cost, and the potential to store energy at the power plant level. However, the low capacity, poor cycle stability, and low voltage of cathode materials have become one of the limiting factors for the application of AZIBs. Herein, we systematically summarize and discuss the reported cathode materials, including manganese-based oxides, vanadium-based compounds, Prussian blue analogues, organics, MXenes, transition metal chalcogenides, layered double hydroxides, and others. Their developments, challenges, and feasible modification strategies are thoroughly analyzed. In addition, we also summarize and compare the proposed energy storage mechanisms of cathode materials. Finally, we propose potential research directions in the future for cathode materials, and provide essential guidance for the development of high-performance AZIBs.

中文翻译：

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水系锌离子电池系统的进展：正极材料和化学


可再生能源已被广泛开发，以遏制温室效应和减少二氧化碳排放。然而，由于间歇性和不稳定性，它们的应用受到了极大的限制。因此，合理储存和分配新能源已成为人们普遍关注的问题。在各种储能技术中，锂离子电池技术取得了巨大的成功，但锂资源的稀缺以及有毒易燃有机电解质的使用限制了其进一步发展。相反，水性锌离子电池 （AZIB） 具有安全、资源丰富、成本低以及在发电厂层面储存能量的潜力等优点。然而，正极材料的低容量、较差的循环稳定性和低电压已成为 AZIBs 应用的限制因素之一。本文系统地总结和讨论了已报道的正极材料，包括锰基氧化物、钒基化合物、普鲁士蓝类似物、有机物、MXenes、过渡金属硫属化物、层状双氢氧化物等。对它们的发展、挑战和可行的修改策略进行了深入分析。此外，我们还总结和比较了所提出的正极材料的储能机制。最后，我们提出了正极材料未来潜在的研究方向，并为高性能 AZIBs 的发展提供了重要的指导。