Decades of research attest to the role of gender stereotypes in the emergence of gender-based discrimination. Placing a focus on recent studies, we provide evidence that gender stereotypes continue to negatively affect women's career outcomes in jobs and fields that are seen as male in gender-type. We identify two pathways through which gender stereotypes bring about discrimination: Whereas descriptive gender stereotypes lead to gender discrimination through negative performance expectations produced by lack-of-fit perceptions, prescriptive gender stereotypes lead to gender discrimination through social penalties elicited by perceived stereotype violation. We end by discussing how characteristics of women and those evaluating them may amplify or ameliorate discriminatory behavior, and by considering how organizations and policymakers can leverage research to promote gender equality.

中文翻译：

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不合适或不喜欢：描述性和规定性的性别刻板印象如何导致对女性的歧视


数十年的研究证明了性别刻板印象在基于性别的歧视出现中的作用。以最近的研究为重点，我们提供的证据表明，性别刻板印象继续对女性在被视为性别类型中被视为男性的工作和领域的职业结果产生负面影响。我们确定了性别刻板印象导致歧视的两种途径：描述性的性别刻板印象通过缺乏适应的感知产生的负面绩效期望导致性别歧视，而规定性的性别刻板印象通过感知到的刻板印象违规引起的社会惩罚导致性别歧视。最后，我们讨论了女性的特征和评估她们的人如何放大或改善歧视行为，并考虑了组织和政策制定者如何利用研究来促进性别平等。