We analysed phylogenetic relationships within a major clade of Cyprinodontiformes (Teleostei) that includes five families of North American killifishes. We used DNA sequences from five genes for 130 species, with four fossil calibrations and three secondary calibrations, to generate a time-calibrated phylogeny. We estimated diversification rates, ancestral areas, and ancestral habitats for each node. Findings were interpreted within a detailed biogeographical synthesis. The results indicate that the clade arose in the Eocene along the Gulf of México coast. The speciation rate was uniform through time, except for acceleration in Cyprinodontidae after ~10.9 Mya. In other families, neither viviparity nor marine-to-freshwater transition was associated with accelerated speciation. Sea-level fluctuations might have created a speciation pump by stimulating cycles of dispersal and vicariance along the coast. Diversification also included many cases of inland immigration from coastal ancestors. For upland lineages, ancient river drainages accord with lineage distributions, including enigmatic disjunctions in Goodeidae and Fundulus. Diversification in uplands occurred via barrier displacement within alluvial or tectonically active landscapes. Killifishes also display high environmental tolerance and persist within harsh, peripheral environments unsuitable for most other fishes. Hence, a combination of clade antiquity, adaptability, dynamic geography, and persistence can explain the living diversity of New World killifishes.

中文翻译：

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北美鳕鱼 （Cyprinodontiformes） 的历史生物地理学概括了墨西哥湾流域的地理历史


我们分析了鲤形目 （Teleostei） 的一个主要分支内的系统发育关系，其中包括北美基利鱼的五个科。我们使用了来自 130 个物种的 5 个基因的 DNA 序列，包括 4 次化石校准和 3 次二次校准，以生成时间校准的系统发育。我们估计了每个节点的多样化率、祖先区域和祖先栖息地。在详细的生物地理综合中对研究结果进行了解释。结果表明，该分支起源于始新世墨西哥湾沿岸。物种形成率随时间变化是一致的，除了 Cyprinodontidae 在 ~10.9 Mya 后加速。在其他科中，胎生和海洋到淡水的转变都与物种形成加速无关。海平面波动可能通过刺激沿海地区的扩散和替代循环而形成了物种形成泵。多元化还包括许多来自沿海祖先的内陆移民案例。对于高地谱系，古代河流的排水与谱系分布一致，包括 Goodeidae 和 Fundulus 中神秘的分离。高地的多样化是通过冲积或构造活跃景观中的屏障位移发生的。基利鱼还表现出高度的环境耐受性，并持续存在于不适合大多数其他鱼类的恶劣外围环境中。因此，进化枝的古老性、适应性、动态地理和持久性的结合可以解释新大陆基利鱼的生物多样性。